{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:56:44Z","timestamp":1777597004096,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,21]],"date-time":"2024-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724198400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/ASMCopyrightv2"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,21]],"date-time":"2024-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724198400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"HHS | National Institutes of Health","award":["R01 AI175214"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI175214"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title\/>\n            <jats:p>\n              <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n              bacteria utilize the type III secretion system (T3SS) to invade host cells and establish local infection. Invasion plasmid antigen D (IpaD), a component of\n              <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n              T3SS, has garnered extensive interest as a vaccine target, primarily due to its pivotal role in the\n              <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n              invasion, immunogenic property, and a high degree of conservation across\n              <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n              species and serotypes. Currently, we are developing an epitope- and structure-based multivalent vaccine against shigellosis and require functional epitope antigens of key\n              <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n              virulence determinants including IpaD. However, individual IpaD B-cell epitopes, their contributions to the overall immunogenicity, and functional activities attributing to bacteria invasion have not been fully characterized. In this study, we predicted continuous B-cell epitopes\n              <jats:italic>in silico<\/jats:italic>\n              and fused each epitope to a carrier protein. Then, we immunized mice intramuscularly with each epitope fusion protein, examined the IpaD-specific antibody responses, and measured antibodies from each epitope fusion for the activity against\n              <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n              invasion\n              <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n              . Data showed that all epitope fusion proteins induced similar levels of anti-IpaD IgG antibodies in mice, and differences were noted for antibody inhibition activity against\n              <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n              invasion. IpaD epitope 1 (SPGGNDGNSV), IpaD epitope 2 (LGGNGEVVLDNA), and IpaD epitope 5 (SPNNTNGSSTET) induced antibodies significantly better in inhibiting invasion from\n              <jats:italic>Shigella flexneri<\/jats:italic>\n              2a, and epitopes 1 and 5 elicited antibodies more effectively at preventing invasion of\n              <jats:italic>Shigella sonnei<\/jats:italic>\n              . These results suggest that IpaD epitopes 1 and 5 can be the IpaD representative antigens for epitope-based polyvalent protein construction and protein-based cross-protective\n              <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n              vaccine development.\n            <\/jats:p>\n            <jats:sec>\n              <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n              <jats:p>\n                <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                is a leading cause of diarrhea in children younger than 5 years in developing countries (children\u2019s diarrhea) and continues to be a major threat to public health. No licensed vaccines are currently available against the heterogeneous\n                <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                species and serotype strains. Aiming to develop a cross-protective multivalent vaccine against shigellosis and dysentery, we applied novel multiepitope fusion antigen (MEFA) technology to construct a broadly immunogenic polyvalent protein antigen, by presenting functional epitopes of multiple\n                <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                virulence determinants on a backbone protein. The functional IpaD epitopes identified from this study will essentially allow us to construct an optimal polyvalent\n                <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                immunogen, leading to the development of a cross-protective vaccine against shigellosis (and dysentery) and the improvement of global health. In addition, identifying functional epitopes from heterogeneous virulence determinants and using them as antigenic representatives for the development of cross-protective multivalent vaccines can be applied generally in vaccine development.\n              <\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.00988-24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]],"date-time":"2024-07-31T13:09:18Z","timestamp":1722431358000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Mapping the functional B-cell epitopes of\n            <i>Shigella<\/i>\n            invasion plasmid antigen D (IpaD)"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"90","author":[{"given":"Siqi","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3723-2257","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weiping","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","unstructured":"Organization WH. 2021. 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