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A 22.89% positive rate of serum F1 antibody was detected in live-caught marmots, alongside a 43.40% incidence of\n              <jats:italic>Yersinia pestis<\/jats:italic>\n              isolation from marmot carcasses. Marmot carcasses infected with plague exhibited a significantly higher spleen-somatic index (\n              <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n              &lt; 0.05). Twenty-one\n              <jats:italic>Y. pestis-<\/jats:italic>\n              specific phages were isolated, among which one\n              <jats:italic>Y. pestis<\/jats:italic>\n              lytic phage (AKS2022HT87GU_phi) was isolated from the bone marrow of a marmot carcass (no. AKS2022HT87) and was found to be symbiotic with\n              <jats:italic>Y. pestis<\/jats:italic>\n              . Microscopy revealed the coexistence of lysed and non-lysed colonies of\n              <jats:italic>Y. pestis<\/jats:italic>\n              AKS2022HT87. Genome-wide analysis showed that certain strains of the\n              <jats:italic>Y. pestis<\/jats:italic>\n              AKS2022HT87 carried phage DNA fragments consistent with phage AKS2022HT87GU_phi. The rare symbiotic relationship between a lytic phage and\n              <jats:italic>Y. pestis<\/jats:italic>\n              observed\n              <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n              was highlighted in this study, laying the basis for further exploring the relationship between\n              <jats:italic>Y. pestis<\/jats:italic>\n              and its bacteriophages.\n            <\/jats:p>\n            <jats:sec>\n              <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n              <jats:p>\n                Bacteriophages and host bacteria commonly coexist\n                <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                or in soil environments through complex and interdependent microbial interactions. However, recapitulating this symbiotic state remains challenging\n                <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                due to limited medium nutrients. In this work, the natural symbiosis between\n                <jats:italic>Yersinia pestis<\/jats:italic>\n                and specific phages has been discovered in a\n                <jats:italic>Marmota himalayana<\/jats:italic>\n                specimen. Epidemiological analysis presented the characteristics of the\n                <jats:italic>Y. pestis<\/jats:italic>\n                and specific phages in the area with a strong plague epidemic. Crucially, comparative genomics has been conducted to analyze the genetic changes in both the\n                <jats:italic>Y. pestis<\/jats:italic>\n                and phages over different periods, revealing the dynamic and evolving nature of their symbiosis. These are the critical steps to study the mechanism of the symbiosis.\n              <\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.00995-24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]],"date-time":"2024-07-18T13:00:20Z","timestamp":1721307620000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Symbiosis of a lytic bacteriophage and\n            <i>Yersinia pestis<\/i>\n            and characteristics of plague in\n            <i>Marmota himalayana<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"90","author":[{"given":"Dongyue","family":"Lyu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qun","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National 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