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Anoxic fermentation by\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Z. mobilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      in lignocellulosic hydrolysate can generate bioethanol from renewable plant biomass. In this study, we deleted a gene from the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Z. mobilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      genome encoding a homolog of OxyR, a transcription factor that activates an oxidative stress response in bacteria to reduce reactive oxygen species (ROS). Deletion of this transcription factor inhibited growth of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Z. mobilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      in oxic, but not anoxic, conditions in laboratory media. A ROS probe revealed that the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">oxyR<\/jats:italic>\n                      response is required to reduce intracellular ROS during oxic growth. Importantly for biofuel production, the absence of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">oxyR<\/jats:italic>\n                      inhibited growth and delayed ethanol production during anoxic hydrolysate fermentation. To determine the source of oxidative stress in hydrolysates, we grew \u0394\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">oxyR<\/jats:italic>\n                      in a synthetic hydrolysate containing known inhibitors found in hydrolysates. There was no growth defect in \u0394\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">oxyR<\/jats:italic>\n                      in the synthetic hydrolysate, indicating that known inhibitory compounds are not the source of anoxic oxidative stress. We determined that ammonia-fiber expansion switchgrass hydrolysate contains significant peroxide concentrations. Addition of catalase to hydrolysate improves growth of both \u0394\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">oxyR<\/jats:italic>\n                      and wild-type\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Z. mobilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      in hydrolysate. This study uncovers an important source of stress to\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Z. mobilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      during biofuel fermentation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        Fermentation of non-food biomass is a promising avenue for sustainable production of fuels and chemicals, but several challenges currently limit the applicability of this technology. One major hurdle is that when biomass is deconstructed into a fermentable form, many byproducts are generated that inhibit microbial fermentation. Here, we investigated how a fermentative bacterium,\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Zymomonas mobilis<\/jats:italic>\n                        , experiences oxidative stress during anoxic biomass fermentation and identified genes important in this response. These findings provide a better understanding of the stresses faced by\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Z. mobilis<\/jats:italic>\n                        during biofuel production. Fully understanding the effects of hydrolysates on biofuel-producing microbes is crucial for optimizing production and making carbon-neutral fuel a reality.\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.01044-26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T13:03:26Z","timestamp":1785848606000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["OxyR regulates the oxidative stress response in\n                    <i>Zymomonas mobilis<\/i>\n                    during oxic growth and anoxic biofuel fermentation"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"92","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0001-6846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma 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