{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T00:14:13Z","timestamp":1768004053538,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,1]],"date-time":"2017-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1504224000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DGE-114747"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DGE-114747"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008982","name":"MoSTR | National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CBET-1334359"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CBET-1334359"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008982","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008982","name":"MoSTR | National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OCE-1129270"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OCE-1129270"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008982","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Sunlight influences microbial water quality of surface waters. Previous studies have investigated photoinactivation mechanisms and cellular photostress responses of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB), including\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Escherichia coli<\/jats:named-content>\n            and enterococci, but further work is needed to characterize photostress responses of bacterial pathogens. Here we investigate the photoinactivation of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:named-content>\n            (strain Newman), a pigmented, waterborne pathogen of emerging concern. We measured photodecay using standard culture-based assays and cellular membrane integrity and investigated photostress response by measuring the relative number of mRNA transcripts of select oxidative stress, DNA repair, and metabolism genes. Photoinactivation experiments were performed in both oxic and anoxic systems to further investigate the role of oxygen-mediated and non-oxygen-mediated photoinactivation mechanisms.\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. aureus<\/jats:named-content>\n            lost culturability much faster in oxic systems than in anoxic systems, indicating an important role for oxygen in photodecay mechanisms.\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. aureus<\/jats:named-content>\n            cell membranes were damaged by sunlight exposure in anoxic systems but not in oxic systems, as measured by cell membrane permeability to propidium iodide. After sunlight exposure,\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. aureus<\/jats:named-content>\n            increased expression of a gene coding for methionine sulfoxide reductase after 12 h of sunlight exposure in the oxic system and after 6 h of sunlight exposure in the anoxic system, suggesting that methionine sulfoxide reductase is an important enzyme for defense against both oxygen-dependent and oxygen-independent photostresses. This research highlights the importance of oxygen in bacterial photoinactivation in environmentally relevant systems and the complexity of the bacterial photostress response with respect to cell structure and transcriptional regulation.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:named-content>\n            is a pathogenic bacterium that causes gastrointestinal, respiratory, and skin infections. In severe cases,\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. aureus<\/jats:named-content>\n            infection can lead to life-threatening diseases, including pneumonia and sepsis. Cases of community-acquired\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. aureus<\/jats:named-content>\n            infection have been increasing in recent years, pointing to the importance of considering\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. aureus<\/jats:named-content>\n            transmission pathways outside the hospital environment. Associations have been observed between recreational water contact and staphylococcal skin infections, suggesting that recreational waters may be an important environmental transmission pathway for\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. aureus<\/jats:named-content>\n            . However, prediction of human health risk in recreational waters is hindered by incomplete knowledge of pathogen sources, fate, and transport in this environment. This study is an in-depth investigation of the inactivation of a representative strain of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. aureus<\/jats:named-content>\n            by sunlight exposure, one of the most important factors controlling the fate of microbial contaminants in clear waters, which will improve our ability to predict water quality changes and human health risk in recreational waters.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.01052-17","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,24]],"date-time":"2017-06-24T00:50:20Z","timestamp":1498265420000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Staphylococcus aureus Strain Newman Photoinactivation and Cellular Response to Sunlight Exposure"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Jill S.","family":"McClary","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lauren M.","family":"Sassoubre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8162-5090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandria B.","family":"Boehm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es020524u"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es9015124"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2012.084"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.06821-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b00505"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02375-12"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2013.12.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.72.4.2586-2593.2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2006.01057.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.038471-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2012.07.053"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/b311904c"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2007.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbio.201200079"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2008.471"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.68.3.1122-1131.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.58.4.1335-1343.1992"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2015.06.043"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1354(98)00321-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.60.6.2040-2048.1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/b201230h"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b03721"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2011.12.048"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.13319"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","volume-title":"Recreational water quality criteria","author":"US EPA","year":"2012","unstructured":"US EPA. 2012. 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