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While bacteria have been the primary focus of research on insect-microbe symbiosis, recent studies suggest that fungal symbionts may be just as important. The elm leaf beetle (ELB,\n                    <jats:italic>Xanthogaleruca luteola<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) is a serious pest species of field elm (\n                    <jats:italic>Ulmus minor<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). Using culture-dependent and independent methods, we investigated the abundance and species richness of bacteria and fungi throughout various ELB life stages and generations, while concurrently analyzing microbial communities on elm leaves. No persistent bacterial community was found to be associated with the ELB or elm leaves. By contrast, fungi were persistently present in the beetle\u2019s feeding life stages and on elm leaves. Fungal community sequencing revealed a predominance of the genera\n                    <jats:italic>Penicillium<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Aspergillus<\/jats:italic>\n                    in insects and on leaves. Culture-dependent surveys showed a high prevalence of two fungal colony morphotypes closely related to\n                    <jats:italic>Penicillium lanosocoeruleum<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Aspergillus flavus<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Among these, the\n                    <jats:italic>Penicillium<\/jats:italic>\n                    morphotype was significantly more abundant on feeding-damaged compared with intact leaves, suggesting that the fungus thrives in the presence of the ELB. We assessed whether the detected prevalent fungal morphotypes influenced ELB\u2019s performance by rearing insects on (i) surface-sterilized leaves, (ii) leaves inoculated with\n                    <jats:italic>Penicillium<\/jats:italic>\n                    spores, and (iii) leaves inoculated with\n                    <jats:italic>Aspergillus<\/jats:italic>\n                    spores. Insects feeding on\n                    <jats:italic>Penicillium<\/jats:italic>\n                    -inoculated leaves gained more biomass and tended to lay larger egg clutches than those consuming surface-sterilized leaves or\n                    <jats:italic>Aspergillus<\/jats:italic>\n                    -inoculated leaves. Our results demonstrate that the ELB does not harbor resident bacteria and that it might benefit from associating with\n                    <jats:italic>Penicillium<\/jats:italic>\n                    fungi.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our study provides insights into the still understudied role of microbial symbionts in the biology of the elm leaf beetle (ELB), a major pest of elms. Contrary to expectations, we found no persistent bacterial symbionts associated with the ELB or elm leaves. Our research thus contributes to the growing body of knowledge that not all insects rely on bacterial symbionts. While no persistent bacterial symbionts were detectable in the ELB and elm leaf samples, our analyses revealed the persistent presence of fungi, particularly\n                      <jats:italic>Penicillium<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Aspergillus<\/jats:italic>\n                      on both elm leaves and in the feeding ELB stages. Moreover, when ELB were fed with fungus-treated elm leaves, we detected a potentially beneficial effect of\n                      <jats:italic>Penicillium<\/jats:italic>\n                      on the ELB\u2019s development and fecundity. Our results highlight the significance of fungal symbionts in the biology of this insect.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.01057-23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,5]],"date-time":"2024-01-05T09:01:32Z","timestamp":1704445292000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Microbial associates of the elm leaf beetle: uncovering the absence of resident bacteria and the influence of fungi on insect performance"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"90","author":[{"given":"Johanna","family":"Schott","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Zoology\/Animal Ecology, Institute of Biology, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juliette","family":"Rakei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Zoology\/Animal Ecology, Institute of Biology, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6378-9526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mitja","family":"Remus-Emsermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Johnston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Berlin Center for Genomics in Biodiversity Research (BeGenDiv), Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Mbedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Berlin Center for Genomics in Biodiversity Research (BeGenDiv), Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Museum f\u00fcr Naturkunde Leibniz-Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Sparmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Berlin Center for Genomics in Biodiversity Research (BeGenDiv), Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7519-7395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika","family":"Hilker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Zoology\/Animal Ecology, Institute of Biology, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9868-1884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis R.","family":"Paniagua Voirol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-010814-020822"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1574-6976.12025"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cois.2020.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1400457111"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ecolsys-110617-062453"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/femsle\/fnz117"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1707186114"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00596-20"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-6-368"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-040920-061140"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","volume-title":"Symbiotic protozoa of termites, vol 6","author":"Brugerolle G","year":"2006","unstructured":"Brugerolle G, Radek R. 2006. 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