{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T17:07:53Z","timestamp":1790874473680,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["A1-S-25033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A1-S-25033"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      outbreaks are often linked to contaminated cantaloupes, and bacterial multiple antibiotic resistance is frequently observed. Research is needed to understand the growth and survival of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      on cantaloupe surfaces, and the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in that environment. This study investigated the growth, survival, and capacity for horizontal gene transfer of antibiotic resistance genes in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      on the surface of cantaloupe. Bovine-derived\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates were inoculated onto the surface of cantaloupe and incubated at 35\u00b0C under 65\u201375% humidity for 5 days. Each isolate was co-inoculated with donor\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      CSH56 harboring helper plasmid RP4-8 and mobilizable plasmid pSC27, which carries kanamycin, neomycin, and ampicillin resistance genes. One hundred microliters of the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      suspension (1 \u00d7 10\n                      <jats:sup>8<\/jats:sup>\n                      CFU\/mL) and 100 \u00b5L of the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      suspension (1 \u00d7 10\n                      <jats:sup>7<\/jats:sup>\n                      CFU\/mL) was applied to each cantaloupe (1:10 ratio).\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      survival and growth were monitored on Hektoen agar, transconjugants were enumerated on Hektoen agar with kanamycin, and donor\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      were quantified on MacConkey agar. All\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates survived and exhibited growth within the 5-day period, with increases ranging from 0.94 log\n                      <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                      CFU\/mL to 3.43 log\n                      <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                      CFU\/mL. Notably, all\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates possess the capability to accept and integrate sequences derived from the pSC27 plasmid from\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      into their chromosome, both\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      and on cantaloupe. After conjugation, the count of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      mutants carrying the plasmid was 2.79 log\n                      <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                      CFU\/mL\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      . The survival, growth, and horizontal gene transfer of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      on the surface of cantaloupe pose significant risks to public health.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                        , a leading cause of foodborne diseases, poses a global health threat, with multidrug resistance emerging as a severe problem. Cantaloupes have been implicated in salmonellosis outbreaks in multiple countries over the last three decades. We hypothesize that acquisition of antibiotic resistance genes from other bacteria may occur on the surface of the fruit. This study established that\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                        can survive, proliferate, and acquire antibiotic resistance genes on cantaloupe surfaces. This observation underscores the potential risks on the growth and transfer of genes between pathogens such as\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                        and\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                        in foods. This impact goes beyond disease production and contributes to the rapid escalation of antimicrobial resistance and transmission of virulence genes in foods and the environment, which is a significant threat to public health.\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.01076-26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T16:52:51Z","timestamp":1790873571000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Survival, growth, and potential of horizontal gene transfer of antibiotic resistance genes of bovine\n                    <i>Salmonella<\/i>\n                    on the cantaloupe surface"],"prefix":"10.1128","author":[{"given":"Zaira L.","family":"Castro-Delgado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01fh86n78","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda e Inmunolog\u00eda, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n","place":["San Nicol\u00e1s de los Garza, M\u00e9xico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3876-7763","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Norma","family":"Heredia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01fh86n78","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda e Inmunolog\u00eda, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n","place":["San Nicol\u00e1s de los Garza, M\u00e9xico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1192-931X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jose Angel","family":"Merino-Mascorro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01fh86n78","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda e Inmunolog\u00eda, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n","place":["San Nicol\u00e1s de los Garza, M\u00e9xico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4175-4004","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eduardo","family":"Franco-Fr\u00edas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01fh86n78","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda e Inmunolog\u00eda, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n","place":["San Nicol\u00e1s de los Garza, M\u00e9xico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7455-010X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jorge E.","family":"D\u00e1vila-Avi\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01fh86n78","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda e Inmunolog\u00eda, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n","place":["San Nicol\u00e1s de los Garza, M\u00e9xico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7405-5504","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Santos","family":"Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01fh86n78","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda e Inmunolog\u00eda, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n","place":["San Nicol\u00e1s de los Garza, M\u00e9xico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13010076"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","volume-title":"Typhoid fever (Salmonella Typhi)","author":"Ashurst JV","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ashurst JV, Truong J, Woodbury B. 2023. 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