{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T00:13:04Z","timestamp":1792109584130,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]],"date-time":"2023-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698710400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]],"date-time":"2023-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698710400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Biofilms are complex polymicrobial communities which are often associated with human infections such as the oral disease periodontitis. Studying these complex communities under controlled conditions requires\n            <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            biofilm model systems that mimic the natural environment as close as possible. This study established a multispecies periodontal model in the drip flow biofilm reactor in order to mimic the continuous flow of nutrients at the air-liquid interface in the oral cavity. The design is engineered to enable real-time characterization. A community of five bacteria,\n            <jats:italic>Streptococcus gordonii<\/jats:italic>\n            -GFPmut3*,\n            <jats:italic>Streptococcus oralis<\/jats:italic>\n            -GFPmut3*,\n            <jats:italic>Streptococcus sanguinis<\/jats:italic>\n            -pVMCherry,\n            <jats:italic>Fusobacterium nucleatum<\/jats:italic>\n            , and\n            <jats:italic>Porphyromonas gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n            -SNAP26 is visualized using two distinct fluorescent proteins and the SNAP-tag. The biofilm in the reactor develops into a heterogeneous, spatially uniform, dense, and metabolically active biofilm with relative cell abundances similar to those in a healthy individual. Metabolic activity, structural features, and bacterial composition of the biofilm remain stable from 3 to 6 days. As a proof of concept for our periodontal model, the 3 days developed biofilm is exposed to a prebiotic treatment with L-arginine. Multifaceted effects of L-arginine on the oral biofilm were validated by this model setup. L-arginine showed to inhibit growth and incorporation of the pathogenic species and to reduce biofilm thickness and volume. Additionally, L-arginine is metabolized by\n            <jats:italic>Streptococcus gordonii<\/jats:italic>\n            -GFPmut3* and\n            <jats:italic>Streptococcus sanguinis<\/jats:italic>\n            -pVMCherry, producing high levels of ornithine and ammonium in the biofilm. In conclusion, our drip flow reactor setup is promising in studying spatiotemporal behavior of a multispecies periodontal community.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Importance<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              Periodontitis is a multifactorial chronic inflammatory disease in the oral cavity associated with the accumulation of microorganisms in a biofilm. Not the presence of the biofilm as such, but changes in the microbiota (i.e., dysbiosis) drive the development of periodontitis, resulting in the destruction of tooth-supporting tissues. In this respect, novel treatment approaches focus on maintaining the health-associated homeostasis of the resident oral microbiota. To get insight in dynamic biofilm responses, our research presents the establishment of a periodontal biofilm model including\n              <jats:italic>Streptococcus gordonii<\/jats:italic>\n              ,\n              <jats:italic>Streptococcus oralis<\/jats:italic>\n              ,\n              <jats:italic>Streptococcus sanguinis<\/jats:italic>\n              ,\n              <jats:italic>Fusobacterium nucleatum<\/jats:italic>\n              , and\n              <jats:italic>Porphyromonas gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n              . The added value of the model setup is the combination of simulating continuously changing natural mouth conditions with spatiotemporal biofilm profiling using non-destructive characterization tools. These applications are limited for periodontal biofilm research and would contribute in understanding treatment mechanisms, short- or long-term exposure effects, the adaptation potential of the biofilm and thus treatment strategies.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.01081-23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,28]],"date-time":"2023-09-28T13:19:10Z","timestamp":1695907150000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Spatiotemporal monitoring of a periodontal multispecies biofilm model: demonstration of prebiotic treatment responses"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"89","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2525-4085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justien","family":"Ghesqui\u00e8re","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical and Biochemical Reactor Engineering and Safety (CREaS), Department of Chemical Engineering, 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