{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T10:51:55Z","timestamp":1769165515712,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,29]],"date-time":"2023-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701216000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/ASMCopyrightv2"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,29]],"date-time":"2023-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701216000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Education and Training | Australian Research Council","award":["DP170100453"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP170100453"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            The flagellar transcriptional regulator\n            <jats:italic>flrA<\/jats:italic>\n            initiates the regulatory cascade of flagellum synthesis in\n            <jats:italic>Vibrio cholerae<\/jats:italic>\n            . Previously, we observed an increase in sub-populations of\n            <jats:italic>V. cholerae<\/jats:italic>\n            carrying mutations in the\n            <jats:italic>flrA<\/jats:italic>\n            gene during long-term co-adaptation with the amoeba host\n            <jats:italic>Acanthamoeba castellanii<\/jats:italic>\n            . The\n            <jats:italic>flrA<\/jats:italic>\n            mutants exhibit increased growth and intracellular survival in the amoeba host but the molecular mechanisms were unknown. Using an in-frame deletion of\n            <jats:italic>flrA,<\/jats:italic>\n            here we show that the absence of\n            <jats:italic>flrA<\/jats:italic>\n            increases pathogen growth and induces a distinct\n            <jats:italic>V. cholerae<\/jats:italic>\n            transcriptomic signature during amoeba predation. Transcriptome analysis of a\n            <jats:italic>flrA<\/jats:italic>\n            mutant in\n            <jats:italic>A. castellanii<\/jats:italic>\n            revealed that several genes involved in iron acquisition and amino acid biosynthesis are highly up-regulated compared to the wild-type strain. Furthermore, we show that iron availability is crucial for the survival of\n            <jats:italic>V. cholerae<\/jats:italic>\n            in amoeba. We also report that\n            <jats:italic>V. cholerae<\/jats:italic>\n            KatB and KatG catalases confer an increased tolerance to oxidative stress. We conclude that the increased survival of the\n            <jats:italic>flrA<\/jats:italic>\n            mutant in amoeba is due to a combination of factors, including resistance to oxidative stress and an increased capacity to utilize essential nutrients such as iron and amino acids. Together, the results presented here detail how a bacterial pathogen increases resistance to protozoan predation, thereby allowing for increased survival in the environment.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              Persistence of\n              <jats:italic>V. cholerae<\/jats:italic>\n              in the aquatic environment contributes to the fatal diarrheal disease cholera, which remains a global health burden. In the environment, bacteria face predation pressure by heterotrophic protists such as the free-living amoeba\n              <jats:italic>A. castellanii<\/jats:italic>\n              . This study explores how a mutant of\n              <jats:italic>V. cholerae<\/jats:italic>\n              adapts to acquire essential nutrients and survive predation. Here, we observed that up-regulation of iron acquisition genes and genes regulating resistance to oxidative stress enhances pathogen fitness. Our data show that\n              <jats:italic>V. cholerae<\/jats:italic>\n              can defend predation to overcome nutrient limitation and oxidative stress, resulting in an enhanced survival inside the protozoan hosts.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.01095-23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]],"date-time":"2023-10-26T13:00:15Z","timestamp":1698325215000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Increased iron utilization and oxidative stress tolerance in a\n            <i>Vibrio cholerae flrA<\/i>\n            mutant confers resistance to amoeba predation"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"89","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6014-6955","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"M. 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