{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T03:36:38Z","timestamp":1791862598967,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,15]],"date-time":"2016-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1479168000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Legionella pneumophila<\/jats:named-content>\n            proliferates in freshwater environments at temperatures ranging from 25 to 45\u00b0C. To investigate the preference of different sequence types (ST) for a specific temperature range, growth of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">L. pneumophila<\/jats:named-content>\n            serogroup 1 (SG1) ST1 (environmental strains), ST47, and ST62 (disease-associated strains) was measured in buffered yeast extract broth (BYEB) and biofilms grown on plasticized polyvinyl chloride in flowing heated drinking water originating from a groundwater supply. The optimum growth temperatures in BYEB were approximately 37\u00b0C (ST1), 39\u00b0C (ST47), and 41\u00b0C (ST62), with maximum growth temperatures of 42\u00b0C (ST1) and 43\u00b0C (ST47 and ST62). In the biofilm at 38\u00b0C, the ST47 and ST62 strains multiplied equally well compared to growth of the environmental ST1 strain and an indigenous\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">L. pneumophila<\/jats:named-content>\n            non-SG1 strain, all attaining a concentration of approximately 10\n            <jats:sup>7<\/jats:sup>\n            CFU\/cm\n            <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n            . Raising the temperature to 41\u00b0C did not impact these levels within 4 weeks, but the colony counts of all strains tested declined (at a specific decline rate of 0.14 to 0.41 day\n            <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n            ) when the temperature was raised to 42\u00b0C. At this temperature, the concentration of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Vermamoeba<\/jats:named-content>\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">vermiformis<\/jats:named-content>\n            in the biofilm, determined with quantitative PCR (qPCR), was about 2 log units lower than the concentration at 38\u00b0C. In columns operated at a constant temperature, ranging from 38 to 41\u00b0C, none of the tested strains multiplied in the biofilm at 41\u00b0C, in which also\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">V. vermiformis<\/jats:named-content>\n            was not detected. These observations suggest that strains of ST47 and ST62 did not multiply in the biofilm at a temperature of \u226541\u00b0C because of the absence of a thermotolerant host.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>\n            Growth of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Legionella pneumophila<\/jats:named-content>\n            in tap water installations is a serious public health concern. The organism includes more than 2,100 varieties (sequence types). More than 50% of the reported cases of Legionnaires' disease are caused by a few sequence types which are very rarely detected in the environment. Strains of selected virulent sequence types proliferated in biofilms on surfaces exposed to warm (38\u00b0C) tap water to the same level as environmental varieties and multiplied well as pure culture in a nutrient-rich medium at temperatures of 42 and 43\u00b0C. However, these organisms did not grow in the biofilms at temperatures of \u226541\u00b0C. Typical host amoebae also did not multiply at these temperatures. Apparently, proliferation of thermotolerant host amoebae is needed to enable multiplication of the virulent\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">L. pneumophila<\/jats:named-content>\n            strains in the environment at elevated temperatures. The detection of these amoebae in water installations therefore is a scientific challenge with practical implications.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.01107-16","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,10]],"date-time":"2016-09-10T01:51:22Z","timestamp":1473472282000},"page":"6691-6700","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Multiplication of Legionella pneumophila Sequence Types 1, 47, and 62 in Buffered Yeast Extract Broth and Biofilms Exposed to Flowing Tap Water at Temperatures of 38\u00b0C to 42\u00b0C"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Dick","family":"van der Kooij","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anke J.","family":"Brouwer-Hanzens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harm R.","family":"Veenendaal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bart A.","family":"Wullings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.15.3.506-526.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","volume-title":"Legionnaires' disease in Europe 2012. 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