{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T17:02:52Z","timestamp":1790528572985,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,1]],"date-time":"2017-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1506816000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia em Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Doen\u00e7as de Popula\u00e7\u00f5es Negligenciadas"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"MCTI | Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004586","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004586","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Gouvernement du Canada | Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            The human microbiome is a collection of microorganisms that inhabit every surface of the body that is exposed to the environment, generally coexisting peacefully with their host. These microbes have important functions, such as producing vitamins, aiding in maturation of the immune system, and protecting against pathogens. We have previously shown that a small-molecule extract from the human fecal microbiome has a strong repressive effect on\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Salmonella enterica<\/jats:named-content>\n            serovar Typhimurium host cell invasion by modulating the expression of genes involved in this process. Here, we describe the characterization of this biological activity. Using a series of purification methods, we obtained fractions with biological activity and characterized them by mass spectrometry. These experiments revealed an abundance of aromatic compounds in the bioactive fraction. Selected compounds were obtained from commercial sources and tested with respect to their ability to repress the expression of\n            <jats:italic>hilA<\/jats:italic>\n            , the gene encoding the master regulator of invasion genes in\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Salmonella<\/jats:named-content>\n            . We found that the aromatic compound 3,4-dimethylbenzoic acid acts as a strong inhibitor of\n            <jats:italic>hilA<\/jats:italic>\n            expression and of invasion of cultured host cells by\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Salmonella<\/jats:named-content>\n            . Future studies should reveal the molecular details of this phenomenon, such as the signaling cascades involved in sensing this bioactive molecule.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>\n            Microbes constantly sense and adapt to their environment. Often, this is achieved through the production and sensing of small extracellular molecules. The human body is colonized by complex communities of microbes, and, given their biological and chemical diversity, these ecosystems represent a platform where the production and sensing of molecules occur. In previous work, we showed that small molecules produced by microbes from the human gut can significantly impair the virulence of the enteric pathogen\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Salmonella enterica<\/jats:named-content>\n            . Here, we describe a specific compound from the human gut that produces this same effect. The results from this work not only shed light on an important biological phenomenon occurring in our bodies but also may represent an opportunity to develop drugs that can target these small-molecule interactions to protect us from enteric infections and other diseases.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.01148-17","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,29]],"date-time":"2017-07-29T00:40:17Z","timestamp":1501288817000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Repression of Salmonella Host Cell Invasion by Aromatic Small Molecules from the Human Fecal Metabolome"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Rafael J. 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R.","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de G\u00f3es, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Granato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de G\u00f3es, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UVic-Genome BC Proteomics Centre, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hira","family":"Gill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevan","family":"Jacobson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leandro A.","family":"Lobo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de G\u00f3es, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Regina M. C. P.","family":"Domingues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de G\u00f3es, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph H.","family":"Borchers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UVic-Genome BC Proteomics Centre, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julian E.","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B. 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