{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T05:30:13Z","timestamp":1792647013722,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,15]],"date-time":"2014-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1410739200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            The viviparous tsetse fly utilizes proline as a hemolymph-borne energy source. In tsetse, biosynthesis of proline from alanine involves the enzyme alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase (AGAT), which requires pyridoxal phosphate (vitamin B\n            <jats:sub>6<\/jats:sub>\n            ) as a cofactor. This vitamin can be synthesized by tsetse's obligate symbiont,\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Wigglesworthia glossinidia<\/jats:named-content>\n            . In this study, we examined the role of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Wigglesworthia<\/jats:named-content>\n            -produced vitamin B\n            <jats:sub>6<\/jats:sub>\n            for maintenance of proline homeostasis, specifically during the energetically expensive lactation period of the tsetse's reproductive cycle. We found that expression of\n            <jats:italic>agat<\/jats:italic>\n            , as well as genes involved in vitamin B\n            <jats:sub>6<\/jats:sub>\n            metabolism in both host and symbiont, increases in lactating flies. Removal of symbionts via antibiotic treatment of flies (aposymbiotic) led to hypoprolinemia, reduced levels of vitamin B\n            <jats:sub>6<\/jats:sub>\n            in lactating females, and decreased fecundity. Proline homeostasis and fecundity recovered partially when aposymbiotic tsetse were fed a diet supplemented with either yeast or\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Wigglesworthia<\/jats:named-content>\n            extracts. RNA interference-mediated knockdown of\n            <jats:italic>agat<\/jats:italic>\n            in wild-type flies reduced hemolymph proline levels to that of aposymbiotic females. Aposymbiotic flies treated with\n            <jats:italic>agat<\/jats:italic>\n            short interfering RNA (siRNA) remained hypoprolinemic even upon dietary supplementation with microbial extracts or B vitamins. Flies infected with parasitic African trypanosomes display lower hemolymph proline levels, suggesting that the reduced fecundity observed in parasitized flies could result from parasite interference with proline homeostasis. This interference could be manifested by competition between tsetse and trypanosomes for vitamins, proline, or other factors involved in their synthesis. Collectively, these results indicate that the presence of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Wigglesworthia<\/jats:named-content>\n            in tsetse is critical for the maintenance of proline homeostasis through vitamin B\n            <jats:sub>6<\/jats:sub>\n            production.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.01150-14","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,19]],"date-time":"2014-07-19T03:53:13Z","timestamp":1405741993000},"page":"5844-5853","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":141,"title":["Vitamin B\n            <sub>6<\/sub>\n            Generated by Obligate Symbionts Is Critical for Maintaining Proline Homeostasis and Fecundity in Tsetse Flies"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"Veronika","family":"Michalkova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"},{"name":"Section of Molecular and Applied Zoology, Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua B.","family":"Benoit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian L.","family":"Weiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geoffrey M.","family":"Attardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serap","family":"Aksoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.en.23.010178.001435"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng986"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00741-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01933932"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","first-page":"101","article-title":"Significance of symbionts for the maintenance of an optimal nutritional state for successful reproduction in hematophagous arthropods","volume":"82","author":"Nogge G","year":"1981","unstructured":"NoggeG. 1981. Significance of symbionts for the maintenance of an optimal nutritional state for successful reproduction in hematophagous arthropods. 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