{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T02:42:01Z","timestamp":1773283321078,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,15]],"date-time":"2009-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1260835200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Ampicillin-resistant (Amp\n            <jats:sup>r<\/jats:sup>\n            )\n            <jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>\n            isolates (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 344) representing 32 serotypes isolated from retail meats from 2002 to 2006 were tested for susceptibility to 21 other antimicrobial agents and screened for the presence of five beta-lactamase gene families (\n            <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sub>CMY<\/jats:sub>\n            ,\n            <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sub>TEM<\/jats:sub>\n            , bla\n            <jats:sub>SHV<\/jats:sub>\n            ,\n            <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sub>OXA<\/jats:sub>\n            , and\n            <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sub>CTX-M<\/jats:sub>\n            ) and class 1 integrons. Among the Amp\n            <jats:sup>r<\/jats:sup>\n            isolates, 66.9% were resistant to five or more antimicrobials and 4.9% were resistant to 10 or more antimicrobials. Coresistance to other \u03b2-lactams was noted for amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (55.5%), ceftiofur (50%), cefoxitin (50%), and ceftazidime (24.7%), whereas less than 5% of isolates were resistant to piperacillin-tazobactam (4.9%), cefotaxime (3.5%), ceftriaxone (2%), and aztreonam (1.2%). All isolates were susceptible to cefepime, imipenem, and cefquinome. No\n            <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n            producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases was found in this study. Approximately 7% of the isolates displayed a typical multidrug-resistant (MDR)-AmpC phenotype, with resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfonamide, tetracycline, plus resistance to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, cefoxitin, and ceftiofur and with decreased susceptibility to ceftriaxone (MIC \u2265 4 \u03bcg\/ml). Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis results showed that several MDR clones were geographically dispersed in different types of meats throughout the five sampling years. Additionally, 50% of the isolates contained\n            <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sub>CMY<\/jats:sub>\n            , 47% carried\n            <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sub>TEM-1<\/jats:sub>\n            , and 2.6% carried both genes. Only 15% of the isolates harbored class I integrons carrying various combinations of\n            <jats:italic>aadA<\/jats:italic>\n            ,\n            <jats:italic>aadB<\/jats:italic>\n            , and\n            <jats:italic>dfrA<\/jats:italic>\n            gene cassettes. The\n            <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sub>CMY<\/jats:sub>\n            ,\n            <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sub>TEM<\/jats:sub>\n            , and class 1 integrons were transferable through conjugation and\/or transformation. Our findings indicate that a varied spectrum of coresistance traits is present in Amp\n            <jats:sup>r<\/jats:sup>\n            <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n            strains in the meat supply of the United States, with a continued predominance of\n            <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sub>CMY<\/jats:sub>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sub>TEM<\/jats:sub>\n            genes in \u03b2-lactam-resistant isolates.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.01158-09","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,24]],"date-time":"2009-10-24T01:09:56Z","timestamp":1256346596000},"page":"7624-7630","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["\u03b2-Lactam Resistance in\n            <i>Salmonella<\/i>\n            Strains Isolated from Retail Meats in the United States by the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System between 2002 and 2006"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"S.","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Animal and Food Microbiology, Office of Research, Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Blickenstaff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Animal and Food Microbiology, Office of Research, Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Glenn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Animal and Food Microbiology, Office of Research, Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S. L.","family":"Ayers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Animal and Food Microbiology, Office of Research, Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S. L.","family":"Friedman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Animal and Food Microbiology, Office of Research, Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. W.","family":"Abbott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Animal and Food Microbiology, Office of Research, Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P. 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