{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T13:31:41Z","timestamp":1781789501901,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,15]],"date-time":"2012-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1344988800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Beginning in 2007, the largest human Q fever outbreak ever described occurred in the Netherlands. Dairy goats from intensive farms were identified as the source, amplifying\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Coxiella burnetii<\/jats:named-content>\n            during gestation and shedding large quantities during abortions. It has been postulated that wild rodents are reservoir hosts from which\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. burnetii<\/jats:named-content>\n            can be transmitted to domestic animals and humans. However, little is known about the infection dynamics of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. burnetii<\/jats:named-content>\n            in wild rodents. The aim of this study was to investigate whether brown rats (\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Rattus norvegicus<\/jats:named-content>\n            ) can be experimentally infected with\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. burnetii<\/jats:named-content>\n            and whether transmission to a cage mates occurs. Fourteen male brown rats (wild type) were intratracheally or intranasally inoculated with a Dutch\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. burnetii<\/jats:named-content>\n            isolate obtained from a goat. At 3 days postinoculation, a contact rat was placed with each inoculated rat. The pairs were monitored using blood samples and rectal and throat swabs for 8 weeks, and after euthanasia the spleens were collected. Rats became infected by both inoculation routes, and detection of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. burnetii<\/jats:named-content>\n            DNA in swabs suggests that excretion occurred. However, based on the negative spleens in PCR and the lack of seroconversion, none of the contact animals was considered infected; thus, no transmission was observed. The reproduction ratio\n            <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>\n            was estimated to be 0 (95% confidence interval = 0 to 0.6), indicating that it is unlikely that rats act as reservoir host of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. burnetii<\/jats:named-content>\n            through sustained transmission between male rats. Future research should focus on other transmission routes, such as vertical transmission or bacterial shedding during parturition.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.01169-12","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,9]],"date-time":"2012-06-09T03:59:21Z","timestamp":1339214361000},"page":"5661-5665","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Experimental Inoculation of Male Rats with Coxiella burnetii: Successful Infection but No Transmission to Cage Mates"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"78","author":[{"given":"Marieke","family":"Opsteegh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, Bilthoven, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lenny","family":"Hogerwerf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Farm Animal Health, Utrecht, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephane","family":"Nooijen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Netherlands Vaccine Institute, Bilthoven, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecile","family":"Dam-Deisz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, Bilthoven, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lianne","family":"de Heer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, Bilthoven, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chantal","family":"Reusken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, Bilthoven, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annemarie","family":"Bouma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Farm Animal Health, Utrecht, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hendrik-Jan","family":"Roest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Veterinary Institute, Wageningen UR, Department of Bacteriology and TSEs, Lelystad, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mirjam","family":"Nielen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Farm Animal Health, Utrecht, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joke","family":"van der Giessen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, Bilthoven, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00140132"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.07323-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","unstructured":"DiekmannO\nHeesterbeekJAP. 2000. Mathematical epidemiology of infectious diseases: model building analysis and interpretation. John Wiley & Sons Ltd Chichester United Kingdom."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03079450500180770"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268808001908"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/380798"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","first-page":"555","article-title":"Q fever: a review","volume":"31","author":"Marrie TJ","year":"1990","unstructured":"MarrieTJ. 1990. Q fever: a review. Can. Vet. J. 31:555\u2013563.","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2011.05.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1704.101562"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00763-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1863-2378.2011.01421.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.05497-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1712.110738"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S095026880600673X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000081014"}],"container-title":["Applied and Environmental Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AEM.01169-12","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AEM.01169-12","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]],"date-time":"2022-02-23T19:40:39Z","timestamp":1645645239000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/AEM.01169-12"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,15]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,15]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/AEM.01169-12"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aem.01169-12","relation":{},"ISSN":["0099-2240","1098-5336"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0099-2240","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5336","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2012-04-11","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2012-05-22","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2012-07-27","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}