{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T07:14:18Z","timestamp":1790234058037,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,15]],"date-time":"2016-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1473897600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Vibrio cholerae<\/jats:named-content>\n            is a ubiquitous aquatic microbe in temperate and tropical coastal areas. It is a diverse species, with many isolates that are harmless to humans, while others are highly pathogenic. Most notable among them are strains belonging to the pandemic O1\/O139 serogroup lineage, which contains the causative agents of cholera. The environmental selective regimes that led to this diversity are key to understanding how pathogens evolve in environmental reservoirs. A local population of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">V. cholerae<\/jats:named-content>\n            and its close relative\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Vibrio metoecus<\/jats:named-content>\n            from a coastal pond and lagoon system was extensively sampled during two consecutive months across four size fractions (480 isolates). In stark contrast to previous studies, the observed population was highly clonal, with 60% of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">V. cholerae<\/jats:named-content>\n            isolates falling into one of five clonal complexes, which varied in abundance in the short temporal scale sampled.\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">V. cholerae<\/jats:named-content>\n            clonal complexes had significantly different distributions across size fractions and the two environments sampled, the pond and the lagoon. Sequencing the genomes of 20 isolates representing these five\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">V. cholerae<\/jats:named-content>\n            clonal complexes revealed different evolutionary trajectories, with considerable variations in gene content with potential ecological significance. Showing genotypic differentiation and differential spatial distribution, the dominant clonal complexes are likely ecologically divergent. Temporal variation in the relative abundance of these complexes suggests that transient blooms of specific clones could dominate local diversity.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Vibrio cholerae<\/jats:named-content>\n            is commonly found in coastal areas worldwide, with only a single group of this bacterium capable of causing severe cholera outbreaks. However, the potential to evolve the ability to cause disease exists in many strains of this species in its aquatic reservoir. Understanding how pathogenic bacteria evolve requires the study of their natural environments. By extensive sampling in a geographically restricted location in the United States, we found that most cells of a\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">V. cholerae<\/jats:named-content>\n            population belong to only a small number of strains. Analysis of their genome composition and spatial distribution indicates differential environmental adaptations between these strains. Other strains exist in smaller numbers, and the population was found to be temporally varied. This suggests frequent bloom and collapse cycles on a time scale of weeks. These population dynamics make it possible that more virulent strains could stochastically rise to large numbers, allowing for infection to occur.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.01177-16","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,2]],"date-time":"2016-07-02T03:14:16Z","timestamp":1467429256000},"page":"5576-5586","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["A Small Number of Phylogenetically Distinct Clonal Complexes Dominate a Coastal Vibrio cholerae Population"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Paul C.","family":"Kirchberger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabini D.","family":"Orata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. Jed","family":"Barlow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn M.","family":"Kauffman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca J.","family":"Case","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin F.","family":"Polz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Boucher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","first-page":"381","volume-title":"Cholera","author":"Gangarosa E","year":"1974","unstructured":"Gangarosa E, Mosley W. 1974. 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