{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T15:59:56Z","timestamp":1792166396647,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761091200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761091200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Methanol, the simplest alcohol, has long been known to be a key energy and carbon source for soil and plant-associated bacteria and fungi and is increasingly recognized as an important substrate for marine bacteria. Lanthanide-dependent methanol dehydrogenases (encoded by the gene\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">xoxF<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) have been shown to be key catalysts for methylotrophy in many environments, yet the identity of the most transcriptionally active methylotrophs in open ocean waters (\u201cClade X\u201d) has remained elusive. Here, we show that \u201cClade X\u201d methylotrophs belong to the deep-branching alphaproteobacterial order TMED127, which we propose be renamed \u201cMethylaequorales\u201d: \u201cmethyl\u201d for \u201cmethylotrophic metabolism\u201d and \u201caequor\u201d for \u201cocean surface,\u201d as these bacteria are most transcriptionally active near the sea surface. TMED127\/Methylaequorales are present in surface waters of tropical and subtropical oceans throughout the global ocean. They have small, streamlined genomes (~1.5 Mb) and appear to be obligate methylotrophs that use the serine cycle for carbon assimilation. They display a diel pattern of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">xoxF5<\/jats:italic>\n                      and glucose dehydrogenase (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">gdh<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) transcription, peaking in the late afternoon, in oligotrophic surface water of the Sargasso Sea. Several other highly transcribed genes of unknown function had no homologs outside of TMED127\/Methylaequorales genomes. Our findings illuminate an overlooked marine methylotrophic bacterium and predict a diel cycle of methanol production in surface seawater by an unknown pathway.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Methanol metabolism is increasingly recognized as an important process in the marine carbon cycle, yet the identity and metabolism of the microorganisms mediating methylotrophy in the open ocean have remained unknown. This study reveals that bacteria in the TMED127 order of Alphaproteobacteria, renamed here as \u201cMethylaequorales,\u201d abundantly transcribe the key gene for lanthanide-dependent methylotrophy in oligotrophic surface waters of the world\u2019s oceans. TMED127\/Methylaequorales likely require methanol as a carbon and energy source and display a diel pattern of transcription of key genes for methylotrophy that peaks in the late afternoon. These findings motivate future studies on the mechanisms of methanol production in surface seawater.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.01181-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T13:01:16Z","timestamp":1758286876000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Diel cycle of lanthanide-dependent methylotrophy by TMED127\/Methylaequorales bacteria in oligotrophic surface seawater"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"91","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0775-2486","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jennifer B.","family":"Glass","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01zkghx44","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology","place":["Atlanta, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leilani N.","family":"Warters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01zkghx44","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology","place":["Atlanta, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulaziz M.","family":"Alajlan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01zkghx44","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology","place":["Atlanta, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2018.01.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.091208.073600"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-014-5766-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2011.02464.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2018.01623"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su13073941"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0150820"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lno.10596"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c03762"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2014.09.056"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1010732107"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.13726"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.14012"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2020JD033439"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1317840110"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2004GB002294"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-8-2707-2011"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2010.169"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2022GL101605"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-9-2961-2012"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2012.130"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ismejo\/wraf057"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01366"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396-019-0414-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-11060-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr2.2009.06.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2021.116756"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2008.01598.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2010.168"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1997.42.5.0811"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fiv105"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.12896"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2013.234"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2006.01029.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2007.65"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-35-2-131"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.12935"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40793-021-00385-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2022.867310"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-013-0346-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396-020-0669-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkac976"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gilbert NE Muratore D Shopen Gochev C LeCleir GR Cagle SM Pound HL Sun CL Carillo A Ndlovu KS Maidanik I Coenen AR Chittick L DeBruyn JM Buchan A Lindell D Sullivan MB Weitz JS Wilhelm SW. 2025. Seasonal enhancement of the viral shunt catalyzes a subsurface oxygen maximum in the Sargasso Sea. bioRxiv. doi:10.1101\/2025.01.23.634377","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.01.23.634377"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2410268122"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.01260-22"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkab776"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.13972"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mra.01201-21"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.02099-23"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-69401-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orggeochem.2010.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1515607112"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.11.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0013001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.185.10.2980-2987.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00228-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1432-1033.2003.03391.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.femsre.2003.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10020455"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adh0066"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-021-01606-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.4c00491"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M601783200"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2009.04654.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00867-23"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03144-20"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2322096121"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.8b09842"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2023.102940"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2024GB008125"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es4053895"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbx108"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw256"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msu300"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.4285"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkae268"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-019-2996-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkac1003"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.4163"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.1923"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3122"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Woodcroft BJ Aroney STN Zhao R Cunningham M Mitchell JAM Blackall L Tyson GW. 2024. SingleM and Sandpiper: robust microbial taxonomic profiles from metagenomic data. bioRxiv. doi:10.1101\/2024.01.30.578060","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.01.30.578060"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24277-4_12"}],"container-title":["Applied and Environmental Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/aem.01181-25","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/aem.01181-25","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T13:24:17Z","timestamp":1761139457000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/aem.01181-25"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Jennifer F.","family":"Biddle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/aem.01181-25"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aem.01181-25","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2025.06.11.659106","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0099-2240","1098-5336"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0099-2240","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5336","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-06-10","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-02","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-19","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e01181-25"}}