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These outbreaks caused the deaths of around 20,000 birds from over 50 species, including globally endangered white-headed ducks (\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Oxyura leucoceophala<\/jats:named-content>\n            ). Here, a significant association was found between the number of dead birds recorded in each botulism outbreak and the mean temperature in July (always &gt;26\u00ef\u00bf\u00bdC). The presence of\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Clostridium botulinum<\/jats:named-content>\n            type C\/D in wetland sediments was detected by real-time PCR (quantitative PCR [qPCR]) in 5.8% of 207 samples collected between 2005 and 2008. Low concentrations of Cl\n            <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n            and high organic matter content in sediments were significantly associated with the presence of\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">C. botulinum<\/jats:named-content>\n            . Seventy-five digestive tracts of birds found dead during botulism outbreaks were analyzed;\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">C. botulinum<\/jats:named-content>\n            was present in 38.7% of them. The prevalence of\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">C. botulinum<\/jats:named-content>\n            was 18.2% (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 22 pools) in aquatic invertebrates (Chironomidae and Corixidae families) and 33.3% (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 18 pools) in necrophagous invertebrates (Sarcophagidae and Calliphoridae families), including two pools of adult necrophagous flies collected around bird carcasses. The presence of the bacteria in the adult fly form opens up new perspectives in the epidemiology of avian botulism, since these flies may be transporting\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">C. botulinum<\/jats:named-content>\n            from one carcass to another.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.01191-13","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,4]],"date-time":"2013-05-04T03:36:09Z","timestamp":1367638569000},"page":"4264-4271","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Environmental Factors Influencing the Prevalence of a Clostridium botulinum Type C\/D Mosaic Strain in Nonpermanent Mediterranean Wetlands"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"79","author":[{"given":"Dolors","family":"Vidal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00ef\u00bf\u00bdn en Recursos Cineg\u00ef\u00bf\u00bdticos (IREC), CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias M\u00ef\u00bf\u00bddicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibone","family":"Anza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00ef\u00bf\u00bdn en Recursos Cineg\u00ef\u00bf\u00bdticos (IREC), CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark A.","family":"Taggart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00ef\u00bf\u00bdn en Recursos Cineg\u00ef\u00bf\u00bdticos (IREC), CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain"},{"name":"Environmental Research Institute, University of the Highlands and Islands, Thurso, Caithness, Scotland, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"P\u00ef\u00bf\u00bdrez-Ram\u00ef\u00bf\u00bdrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00ef\u00bf\u00bdn en Recursos Cineg\u00ef\u00bf\u00bdticos (IREC), CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Crespo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Recuperaci\u00ef\u00bf\u00bdn de Fauna El Chaparrillo, Ciudad Real, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ursula","family":"Hofle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00ef\u00bf\u00bdn en Recursos Cineg\u00ef\u00bf\u00bdticos (IREC), CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"Mateo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00ef\u00bf\u00bdn en Recursos Cineg\u00ef\u00bf\u00bdticos (IREC), CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","first-page":"55","volume-title":"Avian botulism: an international perspective","author":"Mitchell WR","year":"1987","unstructured":"MitchellWRRosendalS. 1987. 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