{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,19]],"date-time":"2025-10-19T18:16:02Z","timestamp":1760897762657},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,1]],"date-time":"2007-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1170288000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate the effect of UV light on<jats:italic>Cryptosporidium parvum<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Cryptosporidium hominis<\/jats:italic>oocysts in vitro, we exposed intact oocysts to 4-, 10-, 20-, and 40-mJ\u00b7cm<jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>doses of UV irradiation. Thymine dimers were detected by immunofluorescence microscopy using a monoclonal antibody against cyclobutyl thymine dimers (anti-TDmAb). Dimer-specific fluorescence within sporozoite nuclei was confirmed by colocalization with the nuclear fluorogen 4\u2032,6\u2032-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). Oocyst walls were visualized using either commercial fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled anti-<jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>oocyst antibodies (FITC-CmAb) or Texas Red-labeled anti-<jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>oocyst antibodies (TR-CmAb). The use of FITC-CmAb interfered with TD detection at doses below 40 mJ\u00b7cm<jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>. With the combination of anti-TDmAb, TR-CmAb, and DAPI, dimer-specific fluorescence was detected in sporozoite nuclei within oocysts exposed to 10 to 40 mJ\u00b7cm<jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>of UV light. Similar results were obtained with<jats:italic>C. hominis. C. parvum<\/jats:italic>oocysts exposed to 10 to 40 mJ\u00b7cm<jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>of UV light failed to infect neonatal mice, confirming that results of our anti-TD immunofluorescence assay paralleled the outcomes of our neonatal mouse infectivity assay. These results suggest that our immunofluorescence assay is suitable for detecting DNA damage in<jats:italic>C. parvum<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>C. hominis<\/jats:italic>oocysts induced following exposure to UV light.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.01251-06","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,2]],"date-time":"2007-02-02T17:24:58Z","timestamp":1170437098000},"page":"947-955","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Detection of UV-Induced Thymine Dimers in Individual<i>Cryptosporidium parvum<\/i>and<i>Cryptosporidium hominis<\/i>Oocysts by Immunofluorescence Microscopy"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"73","author":[{"given":"B. H.","family":"Al-Adhami","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Scottish Parasite Diagnostic Laboratory, Stobhill Hospital, Glasgow G21 3UW, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R. A. B.","family":"Nichols","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scottish Parasite Diagnostic Laboratory, Stobhill Hospital, Glasgow G21 3UW, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. R.","family":"Kusel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infection &amp; Immunity, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"O'Grady","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NR, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H. V.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scottish Parasite Diagnostic Laboratory, Stobhill Hospital, Glasgow G21 3UW, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","unstructured":"Anonymous. 1999. Isolation and identification of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in waters 1999. Methods for the examination of waters and associated materials. HMSO London United Kingdom."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","unstructured":"Anonymous. 1999. The water supply (water quality) (amendment). Regulations 1999 SI no. 1524. Drinking Water Inspectorate London United Kingdom."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","unstructured":"Anonymous. 2005. Standard operating protocol for the monitoring of Cryptosporidium oocysts in treated water supplies to satisfy The Water Supply (Water Quality) Regulations 200 SI no. 3184 England\/The Water Supply (Water Quality) Regulations 2001 SI no. 3911 (W.323) Wales. Part 2. Laboratory and analytical procedures. Drinking Water Inspectorate London United Kingdom. http:\/\/www.dwi.gov.uk\/regs\/crypto\/pdf\/sop%20part%202.pdf ."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2001.tb10885.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.33.10.2592-2595.1995"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.58.11.3488-3493.1992"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1354(00)00399-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2005.10.030"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004360050619"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.5.2800-2802.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.2000.tb00050.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1988.tb02785.x","volume":"48","year":"1988","unstructured":"Mitchell, D. L. 1988. The relative cytotoxicity of (6-4) photoproducts and cyclobutane dimers in mammalian cells. Photochem. Photobiol.48:51-57.","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.68.11.5387-5393.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-67.3.524"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.69.7.4183-4189.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.67.10.4630-4637.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S003118200007476X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00291.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.11.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1999.tb06074.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","first-page":"903","volume":"96","year":"1991","unstructured":"Roza, L., F. R. De Gruijl, J. B. A. Bergen Henegouwen, K. Guikers, H. Van Weelden, G. P. Van Der Schans, and R. A. Baan. 1991. Detection of photorepair of UV-induced thymine dimers in human epidermis by immunofluorescence microscopy. J. Investig. Dermatol.96:903-907.","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.67.7.3029-3032.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.68.10.5198-5201.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","unstructured":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2001. Method 1622: Cryptosporidium in water by filtration\/IMS\/FA EPA 821-R01-026. Office of Water U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Washington DC."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","unstructured":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2001. Method 1623: Giardia and Cryptosporidium in water by filtration\/IMS\/FA EPA 821-R01-025. 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