{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T13:10:06Z","timestamp":1788959406494,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788912000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Airborne disinfection of high-containment facilities is mandatory for safe operations. However, sewage vent air\u2014particularly in large-animal experimental units\u2014can represent a critical gap and is typically not considered in the design of high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter systems. Here, we present an engineering design enabling HEPA filtration of sewage vent air from primary biological containments, including large-animal facilities and necropsy suites. We additionally evaluated vaporized hydrogen peroxide (vH\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) fumigation as an airborne disinfection approach. Disinfection efficacy was determined by quantitative carrier testing using commercial spore carriers (CSC) coated with 10\n                      <jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>\n                      spores of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Geobacillus stearothermophilus<\/jats:italic>\n                      and compared with germ carriers coated with surrogate viruses, mycobacteria, and other spores. Temperature, relative humidity (RH), and vH\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      concentration were monitored in real time to define process parameters and validate protocols targeting \u22654 log\n                      <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                      reduction. Inactivation efficacy differed substantially among challenge agents: CSC were least resistant to inactivation, whereas murine norovirus (MNV) on germ carriers was most challenging to inactivate. At medium-high vH\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      concentrations (up to 520 parts per million [ppm]), increasing RH was the dominant driver of inactivation. Based on these data, we developed a biphasic disinfection cycle maintaining a saturated humidity environment with ~35% H\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      for \u226510 h, achieving \u22654 log\n                      <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                      reduction of MNV infectivity and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">G. stearothermophilus<\/jats:italic>\n                      spore viability on germ carriers. Overall, vH\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      under high-to-saturated RH is an effective means to disinfect technical infrastructure in biological containment settings handling high-consequence pathogens.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        Vent air from sewage systems in biological containment facilities where large animals are kept should be considered a contaminated waste stream. Therefore, effective high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter systems that prevent mold or other moisture-related deterioration of the filters need to be installed. Airborne vaporized hydrogen peroxide (vH\n                        <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                        O\n                        <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                        ) is an appropriate method to decontaminate these complex HEPA filter systems. High to saturated humidity is required for virucidal and sporicidal efficacy under medium to high concentration of vH\n                        <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                        O\n                        <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                        . Commercially available spore carriers are artificial in design, resulting in lower resistance to inactivation compared to custom germ carriers coated with non-enveloped viruses and thus should be avoided as read-out (validation means) by the biosafety community working with high-consequence pathogens in primary containments.\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.01269-26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T13:00:46Z","timestamp":1788958846000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development of a functional and disinfectable sewage vent high-efficiency particulate air filter system and its validation using vaporized hydrogen peroxide"],"prefix":"10.1128","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3426-3090","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jan","family":"Schink\u00f6the","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut","place":["Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4275-7672","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hendrik A.","family":"Scheinemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut","place":["Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6740-3312","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sandra","family":"Diederich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut","place":["Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Lorenz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical Department, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut","place":["Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rene","family":"Stenzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical Department, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut","place":["Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Holger","family":"Freese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut","place":["Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1104-0695","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Michael","family":"Eschbaumer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut","place":["Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jens P.","family":"Teifke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut","place":["Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7575-2483","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sven","family":"Reiche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut","place":["Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ilar\/ilab015"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/153567600701200305"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9783527675357.ch4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","volume-title":"Laboratory biosafety manual","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2020","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 2020. 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Bundesgesundheitsblatt 37:274\u2013278.","journal-title":"Bundesgesundheitsblatt"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25646\/1394"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoac\/88.1.182"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01863914"}],"container-title":["Applied and Environmental Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/aem.01269-26","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/aem.01269-26","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T13:00:48Z","timestamp":1788958848000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/aem.01269-26"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Christopher A.","family":"Elkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"references-count":45,"alternative-id":["10.1128\/aem.01269-26"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aem.01269-26","relation":{},"ISSN":["0099-2240","1098-5336"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0099-2240","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5336","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-06-25","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-11","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-09","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e01269-26"}}