{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T22:37:17Z","timestamp":1789771037838,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,1]],"date-time":"2014-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1412121600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Legionnaires' disease is a severe form of pneumonia caused by\n Legionella<\/jats:named-content>\n spp., organisms often isolated from environmental sources, including soil and water.\n Legionella<\/jats:named-content>\n spp. are capable of replicating intracellularly within free-living protozoa, and once this has occurred,\n Legionella<\/jats:named-content>\n is particularly resistant to disinfectants. Citrus essential oil (EO) vapors are effective antimicrobials against a range of microorganisms, with reductions of 5 log cells ml\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n on a variety of surfaces. The aim of this investigation was to assess the efficacy of a citrus EO vapor against\n Legionella<\/jats:named-content>\n spp. in water and in soil systems. Reductions of viable cells of\n Legionella pneumophila<\/jats:named-content>\n ,\n Legionella longbeachae<\/jats:named-content>\n ,\n Legionella bozemanii<\/jats:named-content>\n , and an intra-amoebal culture of\n Legionella pneumophila<\/jats:named-content>\n (water system only) were assessed in soil and in water after exposure to a citrus EO vapor at concentrations ranging from 3.75 mg\/liter air to 15g\/liter air. Antimicrobial efficacy via different delivery systems (passive and active sintering of the vapor) was determined in water, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the antimicrobial components (linalool, citral, and \u03b2-pinene) was conducted. There was up to a 5-log cells ml\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n reduction in\n Legionella<\/jats:named-content>\n spp. in soil after exposure to the citrus EO vapors (15 mg\/liter air). The most susceptible strain in water was\n L. pneumophila<\/jats:named-content>\n , with a 4-log cells ml\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n reduction after 24 h via sintering (15 g\/liter air). Sintering the vapor through water increased the presence of the antimicrobial components, with a 61% increase of linalool. Therefore, the appropriate method of delivery of an antimicrobial citrus EO vapor may go some way in controlling\n Legionella<\/jats:named-content>\n spp. from environmental sources.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.01275-14","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,26]],"date-time":"2014-07-26T05:39:28Z","timestamp":1406353168000},"page":"6031-6036","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Reduction of Legionella spp. in Water and in Soil by a Citrus Plant Extract Vapor"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"Katie","family":"Laird","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Kurzbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jodie","family":"Score","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The School of Health, The University of Northampton, Northampton, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jyoti","family":"Tejpal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Chi Tangyie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol","family":"Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The School of Health, The University of Northampton, Northampton, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. 2013. Legionnaires' disease in Europe 2011 surveillance report. http:\/\/ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/publications\/publications\/legionnaires-disease-in-europe-2011.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","unstructured":"Health Protection Agency. 2011. National increase in cases of legionnaires' disease. http:\/\/www.hpa.org.uk\/cdr\/archives\/archive06\/News\/news3706.htm."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2002.tb00607.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","unstructured":"Health Protection Agency. 2011. Legionnaires' disease. http:\/\/www.hpa.nhs.uk\/Topics\/InfectiousDiseases\/InfectionsAZ\/LegionnairesDisease."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","volume-title":"Legionellose","author":"Robert Koch Institut","year":"2006","unstructured":"Robert Koch Institut. 2006. Legionellose. Robert Koch Institut, Berlin, Germany. http:\/\/www.rki.de\/DE\/Content\/InfAZ\/L\/Legionellose\/Legionellose.html."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2006.01562.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/341087"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","unstructured":"Health Protection Agency. 2010. Compost and Legionella longbeachae. http:\/\/www.hpa.org.uk\/webc\/HPAwebFile\/HPAweb_C\/1279889169500."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12381"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2009.02742.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09603123.2010.484859"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1462-2920.1999.00046.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","unstructured":"Health and Safety Executive. 2013. HS(G)70: the control of legionellosis including Legionnaires disease. http:\/\/www.hse.gov.uk\/legionnaires\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2009.07.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-765X.2011.03094.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2012.03.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2621.1967.tb01299.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2008.04102.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09674845.2009.11730270"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2006.03035.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2007.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.29.2292"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","first-page":"103","article-title":"Identification and quantification of the antimicrobial components of a citrus essential oil vapour","volume":"7","author":"Phillips Gkatzionis C","year":"2012","unstructured":"Phillips GkatzionisCLairdKScoreJKantAFielderM. 2012. Identification and quantification of the antimicrobial components of a citrus essential oil vapour. Nat. Prod. Commun. 7:103\u2013107.","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Commun."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_25_2","unstructured":"Culture Collection of Algae and Protzoa. 2007. PAS (Page's Amoeba Saline Solution). http:\/\/www.ccap.ac.uk\/media\/documents\/PAS_000.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2621.2009.01992.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2009.02.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2008.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_29_2","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration. 2013. CFR\u2014Code of Federal Regulations Title 21; substances generally recognized as safe essential oils oleoresins (solvent-free) and natural extractives (including distillates). http:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/scripts\/cdrh\/cfdocs\/cfCFR\/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=582.20."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_30_2","unstructured":"International Fragrance Association. 2007. Fragrance ingredients. http:\/\/www.ifraorg.org\/en\/ingredients#.U6Lv6rFwbcs."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_31_2","unstructured":"Technical Resources International. 1997. Summary of data for chemical selection; linalool CAS No. 78-70-6. http:\/\/ntp.niehs.nih.gov\/ntp\/htdocs\/chem_background\/exsumpdf\/linalool_508.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_32_2","volume-title":"Essential oil safety: a guide for health care professionals,","author":"Tisserand R","year":"2013","unstructured":"TisserandRYoungR. 2013. Essential oil safety: a guide for health care professionals, 2nd ed. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands.","edition":"2"}],"container-title":["Applied and Environmental Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AEM.01275-14","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AEM.01275-14","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]],"date-time":"2022-02-23T02:50:24Z","timestamp":1645584624000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/AEM.01275-14"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"M. V.","family":"Yates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/AEM.01275-14"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aem.01275-14","relation":{},"ISSN":["0099-2240","1098-5336"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0099-2240","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5336","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2014-04-18","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2014-07-17","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2014-09-09","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}