{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T06:05:44Z","timestamp":1790402744164,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,1]],"date-time":"2010-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1262304000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Essential aspects of the innate immune response to microbial infection are conserved between insects and mammals. This has generated interest in using insects as model organisms to study host-microbe interactions. We used the greater wax moth\n            <jats:italic>Galleria mellonella<\/jats:italic>\n            , which can be reared at 37\u00b0C, as a model host for examining the virulence potential of\n            <jats:italic>Listeria<\/jats:italic>\n            spp. Here we report that\n            <jats:italic>Galleria<\/jats:italic>\n            is an excellent surrogate model of listerial septic infection, capable of clearly distinguishing between pathogenic and nonpathogenic\n            <jats:italic>Listeria<\/jats:italic>\n            strains and even between virulent and attenuated\n            <jats:italic>Listeria monocytogenes<\/jats:italic>\n            strains. Virulence required listerial genes hitherto implicated in the mouse infection model and was linked to strong antimicrobial activities in both hemolymph and hemocytes of infected larvae. Following\n            <jats:italic>Listeria<\/jats:italic>\n            infection, the expression of immune defense genes such as those for lysozyme, galiomycin, gallerimycin, and insect metalloproteinase inhibitor (IMPI) was sequentially induced. Preinduction of antimicrobial activity by treatment of larvae with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) significantly improved survival against subsequent\n            <jats:italic>L. monocytogenes<\/jats:italic>\n            challenge and strong antilisterial activity was detected in the hemolymph of LPS pretreated larvae. We conclude that the severity of septic infection with\n            <jats:italic>L. monocytogenes<\/jats:italic>\n            is modulated primarily by innate immune responses, and we suggest the use of\n            <jats:italic>Galleria<\/jats:italic>\n            as a relatively simple, nonmammalian model system that can be used to assess the virulence of strains of\n            <jats:italic>Listeria<\/jats:italic>\n            spp. isolated from a wide variety of settings from both the clinic and the environment.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.01301-09","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,7]],"date-time":"2009-11-07T03:22:53Z","timestamp":1257564173000},"page":"310-317","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":219,"title":["<i>Galleria mellonella<\/i>\n            as a Model System for Studying\n            <i>Listeria<\/i>\n            Pathogenesis"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"Krishnendu","family":"Mukherjee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Phytopathology and Applied Zoology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boran","family":"Altincicek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Phytopathology and Applied Zoology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Torsten","family":"Hain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Microbiology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugen","family":"Domann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Microbiology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Vilcinskas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Phytopathology and Applied Zoology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trinad","family":"Chakraborty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Microbiology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1116008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2007.09.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01385-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.4.2705"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2006.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2007.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2007.02.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.107.083782"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2006.01.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","first-page":"2764","volume":"6","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ayres, J. 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