{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T11:09:51Z","timestamp":1789988991740,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,1]],"date-time":"2017-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1506816000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"United States Department of Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["15-729-1146CA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15-729-1146CA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"United States Department of Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["14-7428-1041-CA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["14-7428-1041-CA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P20GM103646"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P20GM103646"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Influenza A viruses (IAVs) in swine can cause sporadic infections and pandemic outbreaks among humans, but how avian IAV emerges in swine is still unclear. Unlike domestic swine, feral swine are free ranging and have many opportunities for IAV exposure through contacts with various habitats and animals, including migratory waterfowl, a natural reservoir for IAVs. During the period from 2010 to 2013, 8,239 serum samples were collected from feral swine across 35 U.S. states and tested against 45 contemporary antigenic variants of avian, swine, and human IAVs; of these, 406 (4.9%) samples were IAV antibody positive. Among 294 serum samples selected for antigenic characterization, 271 cross-reacted with \u22651 tested virus, whereas the other 23 did not cross-react with any tested virus. Of the 271 IAV-positive samples, 236 cross-reacted with swine IAVs, 1 with avian IAVs, and 16 with avian and swine IAVs, indicating that feral swine had been exposed to both swine and avian IAVs but predominantly to swine IAVs. Our findings suggest that feral swine could potentially be infected with both avian and swine IAVs, generating novel IAVs by hosting and reassorting IAVs from wild birds and domestic swine and facilitating adaptation of avian IAVs to other hosts, including humans, before their spillover. Continued surveillance to monitor the distribution and antigenic diversities of IAVs in feral swine is necessary to increase our understanding of the natural history of IAVs.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>\n            There are more than 5 million feral swine distributed across at least 35 states in the United States. In contrast to domestic swine, feral swine are free ranging and have unique opportunities for contact with wildlife, livestock, and their habitats. Our serological results indicate that feral swine in the United States have been exposed to influenza A viruses (IAVs) consistent with those found in both domestic swine and wild birds, with the predominant infections consisting of swine-adapted IAVs. Our findings suggest that feral swine have been infected with IAVs at low levels and could serve as hosts for the generation of novel IAVs at the interface of feral swine, wild birds, domestic swine, and humans.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.01346-17","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,22]],"date-time":"2017-07-22T00:40:23Z","timestamp":1500684023000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Feral Swine in the United States Have Been Exposed to both Avian and Swine Influenza A Viruses"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Brigitte E.","family":"Martin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hailiang","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret","family":"Carrel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geographical &amp; Sustainability Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fred L.","family":"Cunningham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mississippi Field Station, National Wildlife Research Center, Wildlife Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John A.","family":"Baroch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Wildlife Research Center, Wildlife Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katie C.","family":"Hanson-Dorr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mississippi Field Station, National Wildlife Research Center, Wildlife Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean G.","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brandon","family":"Schmit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Wildlife Research Center, Wildlife Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline M.","family":"Nolting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyoung-Jin","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark W.","family":"Lutman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerri","family":"Pedersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly","family":"Lager","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, Iowa, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew S.","family":"Bowman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard D.","family":"Slemons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David R.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"DeLiberto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Wildlife Research Center, Wildlife Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiu-Feng","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1122438"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mr.56.1.152-179.1992"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1591429"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01322743"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.17.11269-11279.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1637\/11086-041015-RegR"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep20688"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3527(08)00403-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2110.140633"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.19.9322-9327.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2004.02.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.80.10.5092-5096.2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.027557-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/104063871002200302"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1207.060268"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.7.3198-3205.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2005.131578"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.12217"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12193"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00804-13"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(83)90150-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(89)90249-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.9.7367-7373.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","first-page":"158","article-title":"The pig as a mixing vessel for influenza viruses: human and veterinary implications","volume":"3","author":"Ma W","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ma W KahnRE RichtJA. 2008. The pig as a mixing vessel for influenza viruses: human and veterinary implications. J Mol Genet Med3:158\u2013166.","journal-title":"J Mol Genet Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000157337"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-75-9-2183"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","first-page":"75","article-title":"Evidence for the natural transmission of influenza A virus from wild ducks to swine and its potential importance for man","volume":"59","author":"Pensaert M","year":"1981","unstructured":"Pensaert M OttisK VandeputteJ KaplanMM BachmannPA. 1981. Evidence for the natural transmission of influenza A virus from wild ducks to swine and its potential importance for man. Bull World Health Organ59:75\u201378.","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.70.11.8041-8046.1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.6.2453-2456.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.9.4349-4354.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.16.10821-10825.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.02.023"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.20.9679-9686.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2004.04.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","unstructured":"Gipson\nPS HlavachickB BergerT LeeCD. 1997. Explanations for recent range expansions by wild hogs into midwestern states p 148\u2013150. Proceedings of the Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000225"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2004.01.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-45.2.422"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","first-page":"1213","article-title":"Swine-origin influenza A (H3N2) virus infection in two children\u2014Indiana and Pennsylvania, July\u2013August 2011","volume":"60","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2011","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2011. Swine-origin influenza A (H3N2) virus infection in two children\u2014Indiana and Pennsylvania, July\u2013August 2011. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep60:1213\u20131215.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit273"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","first-page":"60","article-title":"Experimentelle Untersuchungen zur Aetiologie der Influenza (in German)","volume":"1934","author":"Elkeles G","year":"1934","unstructured":"Elkeles G . 1934. Experimentelle Untersuchungen zur Aetiologie der Influenza (in German). Mededeelingen Instit Praeventieve Geneeskunde1934:60\u201379.","journal-title":"Mededeelingen Instit Praeventieve Geneeskunde"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01080-14"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","first-page":"1153","article-title":"An investigation into human pandemic influenza virus (H1N1) 2009 on an Alberta swine farm","volume":"50","author":"Howden KJ","year":"2009","unstructured":"Howden KJ BrockhoffEJ CayaFD McLeodLJ LavoieM IngJD BystromJM AlexandersenS PasickJM BerhaneY MorrisonME KeenlisideJM LaurendeauS RohonczyEB. 2009. An investigation into human pandemic influenza virus (H1N1) 2009 on an Alberta swine farm. Can Vet J50:1153\u20131161.","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/1709.110338"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.05262-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1189132"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.028662-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01675-15"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12386"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","volume-title":"Manual for the laboratory diagnosis and virological surveillance of influenza","author":"WHO","year":"2011","unstructured":"WHO. 2011. Manual for the laboratory diagnosis and virological surveillance of influenza. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_2","volume-title":"The serological detection of avian influenza A(H7N9) virus infections by turkey haemagglutination-inhibition assay","author":"WHO","year":"2013","unstructured":"WHO. 2013. The serological detection of avian influenza A(H7N9) virus infections by turkey haemagglutination-inhibition assay. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-9-251"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-59745-279-3_7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022172400022610"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.bmb.a071545"}],"container-title":["Applied and Environmental Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AEM.01346-17","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AEM.01346-17","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]],"date-time":"2022-02-23T18:28:44Z","timestamp":1645640924000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/AEM.01346-17"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Edward G.","family":"Dudley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,10]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/AEM.01346-17"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aem.01346-17","relation":{},"ISSN":["0099-2240","1098-5336"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0099-2240","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5336","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2017-06-19","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2017-07-18","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2017-09-15","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e01346-17"}}