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Despite its broad host range, we observed significantly reduced efficiency of plating (EOP) on a subset of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>\n                      strains, including serovar Typhimurium 4\/74 (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S<\/jats:italic>\n                      . 4\/74). We found that O-antigen\u2013mediated steric hindrance contributes to this resistance, which can be partially overcome by supplementation with the SP6 phage tailspike protein (TSP). However, full restoration of the EOP required deletion of the Gifsy-1 prophage, leading to the identification of a single prophage-encoded defense gene,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">gipd474<\/jats:italic>\n                      (Gifsy-encoded phage defense protein from strain\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S<\/jats:italic>\n                      . 4\/74). Heterologous expression of this gene in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      increased resistance to multiple tailed phages. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that this gene is widely spread across the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Enterobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic>\n                      , suggesting a conserved role in phage resistance. Together, these findings uncover a dual barrier to FO1 infectivity in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S<\/jats:italic>\n                      . 4\/74 and highlight\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">gipd474<\/jats:italic>\n                      as a novel, prophage-encoded phage defense gene.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        Phage therapy and biocontrol are increasingly explored as alternatives to antibiotics, particularly against drug-resistant pathogens such as\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                        . FO1 is a widely used lytic phage with broad activity across\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                        serotypes. However, variability in phage infectivity limits its reliability against certain strains. Here, we report that\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S<\/jats:italic>\n                        . 4\/74 restricts FO1 through a combination of O-antigen\u2013associated interference and a novel prophage-encoded resistance gene. This gene also impairs the infectivity of other tailed phages and is conserved across multiple\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Enterobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic>\n                        genera. Our findings highlight the importance of prophage-encoded defense systems in shaping phage susceptibility and highlight the need to account for such elements when developing phage-based applications.\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.01384-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T14:00:22Z","timestamp":1762783222000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Gifsy prophage-encoded protein confers broad phage resistance in\n                    <i>Salmonella enterica<\/i>\n                    and is widely distributed across\n                    <i>Enterobacteriaceae<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"91","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9958-5669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaap S.","family":"Bosma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota","place":["Saint Paul, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5213-273X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Vincent","family":"Noireaux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/017zqws13","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota","place":["Minneapolis, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5438-2532","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Steven D.","family":"Bowden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota","place":["Saint Paul, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.). 2019. 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