{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T00:09:31Z","timestamp":1792195771313,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766448000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766448000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013436","name":"Northwest Center for Small Fruits Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["59-2072-4-013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["59-2072-4-013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013436","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016605","name":"Oregon Blueberry Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016605","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012487","name":"Washington Tree Fruit Research Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012487","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Botrytis cinerea<\/jats:italic>\n                      is a significant postharvest fungal pathogen responsible for substantial losses in a variety of fresh produce. Ultraviolet-C (UV-C) irradiation is a potential intervention that could reduce postharvest losses due to fungal disease. However, the diversity of fungal reproductive forms and lack of standardization in antifungal assessment methods complicate the evaluation of UV-C efficacy. This study evaluated the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      antifungal efficacy of UV-C against\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B. cinerea<\/jats:italic>\n                      conidia and hyphal fragments (HF) treated in liquid suspension and on agar surfaces.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B. cinerea<\/jats:italic>\n                      viability was assessed using several methods: colony counts (from agar surface and suspension treatments), growth kinetics (suspension treatment), and conidial germination assays (suspension treatment). UV-C treatment caused significant, dose-dependent reductions in viability across all methods and for both reproductive forms. Surface treatments yielded the highest log reductions (&gt;3.5 log reduction of conidia at 543.6 mJ\/cm\u00b2), while suspension treatments showed comparatively modest reductions (~1\u20132 log reduction of conidia at 543.6 mJ\/cm\u00b2, depending on the method). Growth kinetics showed extended lag phases following UV-C exposure. Conidial germination was reduced by up to 95%, with diminishing efficacy at higher doses. While conidia generally exhibited greater sensitivity to UV-C than HF, the magnitude of inactivation varied by assay. A mixed-effects model confirmed that UV-C dose, reproductive form, and assessment method had a significant impact on fungal inactivation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study systematically compared UV-C effects on conidia and HF using a multi-method in vitro approach, underscoring the utility of UV-C for fungal control and providing critical insights for designing effective, context-aware antifungal strategies. The results have practical implications for improving postharvest sanitation protocols and minimizing produce spoilage in storage and packing environments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.01413-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T14:00:19Z","timestamp":1763992819000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Multi-method\n                    <i>in vitro<\/i>\n                    assessment of ultraviolet-C treatment against conidia and hyphal fragments of\n                    <i>Botrytis cinerea<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"91","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9225-7899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Makayla","family":"Bellino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ysfqy60","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University","place":["Corvallis, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4556-2942","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Joy","family":"Waite-Cusic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ysfqy60","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University","place":["Corvallis, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7464-8585","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Qingyang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ysfqy60","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University","place":["Corvallis, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-81770-0_4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1364-3703.2011.00783.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-411552-1.00004-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","volume-title":"Abstr Int Congr Plant Pathol Plant Health Glob Econ","author":"Stockwell VO","year":"2018","unstructured":"Stockwell VO, Shaffer BT, Jones LA, Pscheidt JW. 2018. Fungicide resistance profiles of Botrytis cinerea isolated from berry crops in Oregon. In Abstr Int Congr Plant Pathol Plant Health Glob Econ. Boston, MA."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1094\/PDIS-02-16-0229-RE"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1094\/PDIS-05-20-1087-RE"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-01999-9_2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 1977. Ultraviolet radiation for the processing and treatment of food. Code of Federal Regulations Title 21 Section 179.39"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","unstructured":"Koutchma T Forney L Moraru C. 2019. Ultraviolet light in food technology: principles and applications | Food Engineering. 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