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Subgingival samples from 47 volunteers with healthy gingivae or clinically diagnosed chronic periodontitis were characterized by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) with primers specific for the V2-V3 region of the eubacterial 16S rRNA gene. A hierarchical dendrogram was constructed from band patterns. All unique PCR amplicons (DGGE bands) were sequenced for identity. Samples were also analyzed for the presence of\n            <jats:italic>Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans<\/jats:italic>\n            ,\n            <jats:italic>Porphyromonas gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n            , and\n            <jats:italic>Tannerella forsythensis<\/jats:italic>\n            by multiplex PCR. Associations of patient age, gender, and smoking status together with the presence of each unique band and putative periodontal pathogens with disease were assessed by logistic regression. Periodontal pockets were colonized by complex eubacterial communities (10 to 40 distinct DGGE bands) with substantial individual variation in the community profile. Species diversity in health and disease was determined by the Shannon-Weaver index of diversity and compared by the Mann-Whitney U test. Sequence analyses of DGGE amplicons indicated the occurrence of many nontypical oral species and eubacteria previously associated with this environment. With the exception of\n            <jats:italic>T. forsythensis<\/jats:italic>\n            , the putative pathogens were not detected by DGGE. Multiplex PCR, however, detected\n            <jats:italic>T. forsythensis<\/jats:italic>\n            ,\n            <jats:italic>A. actinomycetemcomitans<\/jats:italic>\n            , and\n            <jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n            in 9% 16%, and 29% of the patients with disease, respectively. The presence of\n            <jats:italic>A. actinomycetemcomitans<\/jats:italic>\n            was significantly associated with disease (\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            &lt; 0.01). Statistical analyses indicated that the presence of\n            <jats:italic>Treponema socranskii<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>Pseudomonas<\/jats:italic>\n            sp. was a significant predictor of disease (\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            &lt; 0.05) and that there was no significant difference (\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            &gt; 0.05) in terms of eubacterial species diversity between health and disease.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.01419-06","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,10]],"date-time":"2007-01-10T18:38:26Z","timestamp":1168454306000},"page":"516-523","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":131,"title":["Molecular Analysis of the Subgingival Microbiota in Health and Disease"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"73","author":[{"given":"Ruth G.","family":"Ledder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Gilbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon A.","family":"Huws","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant, Animal and Microbial Science Department, IGER (Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research), Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth SY23 3EB, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leon","family":"Aarons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin P.","family":"Ashley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, University of Manchester, Higher Cambridge Street, Manchester M15 6FH, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter S.","family":"Hull","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, University of Manchester, Higher Cambridge Street, Manchester M15 6FH, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"McBain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.1997.tb01197.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-302x.2001.016005306.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10454411970080040501"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.9.1.55"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6941.2002.tb00911.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.69.3.1687-1694.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.62.5.1889-1895.1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.1998.tb02424.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0765.2002.00031.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-302x.2000.150308.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2004.75.2.221"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6941.2001.tb00815.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/13500872-145-6-1335"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1462-2920.2002.00358.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0765.2003.02607.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.9.4141-4146.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.8.3971-3978.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1992.63.4s.338"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","first-page":"449","year":"1979","unstructured":"Gulsvik, A., and M. 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