{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T15:26:54Z","timestamp":1789831614013,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761091200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761091200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004156","name":"Mahidol University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSRF: FF-108\/2568"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSRF: FF-108\/2568"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004156","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007180","name":"Faculty of Science, Mahidol University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CIF & CNI grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIF & CNI grant"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007180","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Program Management Unit for Human Resources and Institutional Development, Research and Innovation","award":["B13F660122"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B13F660122"]}]},{"name":"Program Management Unit for Human Resources and Institutional Development, Research and Innovation","award":["B13F660122"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B13F660122"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Cryptococcus neoformans<\/jats:italic>\n                      is a fungal pathogen that causes cryptococcal meningitis, mainly in immunocompromised individuals, such as those with HIV. Its recent detection on the International Space Station raises concerns about potential health risks in space, where immune systems may be compromised. However, its behavior in space-like conditions remains unclear. In this study, we examined the effects of simulated microgravity on\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. neoformans<\/jats:italic>\n                      . We found that the condition enhanced the fungus\u2019s resistance to membrane and osmotic stress and increased key virulence factors, including capsule formation, melanin production, and urease activity. Using\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Caenorhabditis elegans<\/jats:italic>\n                      as a host model, infections under simulated microgravity were more pathogenic. These findings highlight the potential for increased fungal virulence in space and underscore the need to understand microbial risks for astronaut health and safety in long-term space missions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        Fungi have long been recognized for their remarkable ability to adapt to a wide range of environmental conditions, including extreme environments, such as space habitats. Understanding how fungal organisms, especially pathogenic fungi, adapt to these harsh conditions is crucial for gaining insight into their tolerance mechanisms and the potential emergence of virulence. Our research demonstrates that the pathogenic fungus\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Cryptococcus neoformans<\/jats:italic>\n                        not only survives in space-like conditions but also exhibits increased stress tolerance, enhanced expression of key virulence factors, and elevated pathogenicity in animal models. These findings carry significant practical implications because concerns about fungal contamination in space or other extreme environments may be heightened by the potential for fungi to develop increased virulence through natural adaptation.\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.01435-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T13:01:49Z","timestamp":1759237309000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effects of simulated microgravity on biological features and virulence of the fungal pathogen\n                    <i>Cryptococcus neoformans<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"91","author":[{"given":"Tanaporn","family":"Phetruen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01znkr924","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Laboratory of Medical Molecular Mycology, Department of Biochemistry and Center for Excellence in Protein and Enzyme Technology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University","place":["Bangkok, Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salinthip","family":"Thongdechsri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01znkr924","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University","place":["Bangkok, Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muthita","family":"Khongthongdam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01znkr924","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Laboratory of Medical Molecular Mycology, Department of Biochemistry and Center for Excellence in Protein and Enzyme Technology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University","place":["Bangkok, Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sittiporn","family":"Channumsin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Space Technology Research Centre, Geo-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency (GISTDA)","place":["Chonburi, Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krai","family":"Meemon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01znkr924","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University","place":["Bangkok, Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6267-0040","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sittinan","family":"Chanarat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01znkr924","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Laboratory of Medical Molecular Mycology, Department of Biochemistry and Center for Excellence in Protein and Enzyme Technology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University","place":["Bangkok, Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2015.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.05613-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30243-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10428194.2018.1508666"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0703.010302"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.116800"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41526-020-0104-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41526-020-00124-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/immunohorizons.2200063"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10081941"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.106212"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2009.09.024"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ast.2013.0981"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-50311-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.13.14.2071"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0273-1177(99)00075-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.36.2.243-246.1978"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2005.07.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.2001.tb02631.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-014-5650-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1758-2229.13078"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ast.2012.0876"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/pl00008108"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.33.4.995-997.1995"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-018-9525-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00310"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0080677"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.890258"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0018769"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.12388"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_32_2","unstructured":"WHO. 2022. Guidelines for Diagnosing Preventing and Managing Cryptococcal Disease Among Adults Adolescents and Children Living with HIV. World Health Organization Geneva."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00156-22"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.34.2.183"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012373944-5.00331-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4160-5680-5.00007-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/106002809002400914"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.23.1.79"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.150.3.1414-1421.1982"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mcb.14.7.4912-4919.1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)63734-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carres.2009.03.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0008-6215(00)90846-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.129.4.1675"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2010.07511.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0808995106"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00283-22"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02016-18"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.3.1693-1699.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.2007\/011049-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1004261"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.2.443-448.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-022-02579-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.232568599"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41526-023-00311-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/beverages10020047"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0139306"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-18106-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5943\/mycosphere\/14\/1\/13"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12217-024-10133-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12217-020-09865-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41526-021-00138-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11233896"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2022.08.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.3.5.1067-1075.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microb.2025.100381"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_67_2","volume-title":"Maintenance of C. elegans. WormBook","author":"Stiernagle T","year":"2006","unstructured":"Stiernagle T. 2006. Maintenance of C. elegans. WormBook"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01618-24"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12091765"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2019.118565"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41526-018-0045-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12650"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-1759(00)00255-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00220-13"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2007.01935.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.44.8.2081-2085.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8070688"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3791\/4019"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/md21110577"}],"container-title":["Applied and Environmental Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/aem.01435-25","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/aem.01435-25","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T13:21:46Z","timestamp":1761139306000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/aem.01435-25"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Christopher A.","family":"Elkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/aem.01435-25"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aem.01435-25","relation":{},"ISSN":["0099-2240","1098-5336"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0099-2240","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5336","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-07-15","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-11","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-30","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e01435-25"}}