{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T15:28:35Z","timestamp":1789658915215,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789516800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005825","name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023-67011-40332"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-67011-40332"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006759","name":"California Department of Food and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006759","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"UC Berkeley ESPM Continuing Fellowships","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01an7q238","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Climate change is broadly expected to increase the range of many plant diseases, yet the current status of local thermal adaptation in many pathogens is poorly understood.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Xylella fastidiosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Xf<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) is a global bacterial plant pathogen that causes Pierce\u2019s disease (PD) of grapevines and infects over 700 other host plant species, impacting both agricultural and natural ecosystems. In a common garden experiment with 477 vines in the field, we compared PD outcomes from a local (colder climate in CA) vs non-local (warmer climate in CA) bacterial strain in 13 Mediterranean grapevine varieties over 3 years. Relative to the local strain, there was 77% lower overwinter survival in the non-local strain from a warmer climate, strongly indicating local adaptation in these CA\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Xf<\/jats:italic>\n                      populations. Host genotype also had a significant effect on pathogen winter survival, and grapevine varieties differed in PD susceptibility. Additionally, we assessed\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in planta<\/jats:italic>\n                      evolution of the two pathogen strains over 3 years by whole-genome sequencing 58 field-derived isolates. There were convergent loss-of-function mutations in genes encoding minor Type IV pilin (T4P) proteins, which control twitching motility and other virulence phenotypes, suggesting rapid adaptive evolution. Our results suggest local adaptation to cold temperatures in a bacterial plant pathogen and a possible role for minor Type IV pilins in thermal adaptation. These findings demonstrate the urgent need to incorporate\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">X. fastidiosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      evolution and local thermal adaptation into global models of PD spread. Differentiating pathotypes with distinct thermal adaptations will improve disease forecasting and inform quarantine decisions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        Forecasting the movement of plant pathogens is a critical issue under global warming to effectively manage future plant disease outbreaks. Yet, current plant pathogen local thermal adaptation is often unaccounted for, especially in bacterial pathogens. Our study examines local adaptation to temperature in a bacterial plant pathogen,\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Xylella fastidiosa,<\/jats:italic>\n                        that causes disease in grapevines in addition to infecting 700 other plant species. In a large-scale field experiment across 13 grapevine varieties, we demonstrate local adaptation in pathogen winter survival in distinct\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Xylella fastidiosa<\/jats:italic>\n                        strains. Additionally, we found evidence of adaptive evolution in just 3 years, as we observed convergent mutations after resequencing strains that evolved in the field. Our results suggest that\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">X. fastidiosa<\/jats:italic>\n                        populations\u2014even within a small geographic area\u2014have distinct adaptations to winter temperatures and may exhibit differential responses to warming winters.\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.01520-26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T13:00:49Z","timestamp":1789563649000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pathogen local adaptation shapes Pierce\u2019s disease of grapevines outcomes under field conditions"],"prefix":"10.1128","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6780-7744","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Monica A.","family":"Donegan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01an7q238","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California-Berkeley","place":["Berkeley, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra K.","family":"Kahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01an7q238","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California-Berkeley","place":["Berkeley, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea L. M.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01an7q238","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California-Berkeley","place":["Berkeley, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mamata","family":"KC","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02v80fc35","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University","place":["Auburn, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0027-4840","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Leonardo","family":"De La Fuente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02v80fc35","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University","place":["Auburn, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica L.","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California Cooperative Extension","place":["Napa, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew P.","family":"Daugherty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, University of California-Riverside","place":["Riverside, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2888-9617","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rodrigo P. P.","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01an7q238","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California-Berkeley","place":["Berkeley, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-023-00900-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2018.03.054"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.13958"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1094\/PDIS.2001.85.12.1230"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.14965"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2025.9563"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.112.208157"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1094\/PBIOMES-01-17-0004-R"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","first-page":"514","article-title":"Cold therapy of pierce\u2019s disease of grapevines","volume":"61","author":"Purcell AH","year":"1977","unstructured":"Purcell AH. 1977. Cold therapy of pierce\u2019s disease of grapevines. Plant Dis Report 61:514\u2013518.","journal-title":"Plant Dis Report"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1094\/PD-64-388"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1094\/PHYTO-08-10-0207"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1094\/PDIS-03-23-0492-RE"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1094\/PHYTO.2003.93.2.244"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-022-04358-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0055326"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.110.168807"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1094\/PHYTO-01-23-0008-R"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1094\/Phyto-71-429"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/eva.70303"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1094\/PDIS-09-23-1923-RE"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1094\/PDIS-03-26-0578-FE"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ecolsys-012722-035231"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2004.00684.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2024.11.029"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1011154"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0712236105"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.187.16.5560-5567.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1094\/PHYTO-01-25-0009-R"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1094\/PHYTO-08-18-0298-A"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(00)89081-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01217"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.13727"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1094\/MPMI-02-17-0053-R"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1013757"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-092611-150055"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-phyto-021021-041716"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03156-13"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ppa.13637"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-021-01526-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.2282"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-4571.2011.00228.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/eva.12039"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2011.05023.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1364-3703.2012.00804.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.17041"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2418199122"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01566883"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_2","unstructured":"Horn AT. 2022. Chill calculator. Fruit & Nut Research & Information Center. Available from: https:\/\/fruitsandnuts.ucdavis.edu\/chill-calculator"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_2","unstructured":"Bushnell B. 2014. BBMap: a fast accurate splice-aware aligner. LBNL-7065E. Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL) Berkeley CA (United States)"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14806\/ej.17.1.200"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_2","unstructured":"Seemann T. 2025. tseemann\/snippy. Perl"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu033"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkae268"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1005595"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu153"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btt086"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkad326"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1094\/MPMI-10-23-0164-SC"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01412-16"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1094\/MPMI-10-19-0274-TA"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_62_2","unstructured":"Wickham H. 2025. stringr: simple consistent wrappers for common string operations. R package version 1.6.0. Available from: https:\/\/stringr.tidyverse.org. Retrieved 23 Jan 2026."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_63_2","unstructured":"Wickham H Fran\u00e7ois R Henry L M\u00fcller K Vaughan D. 2025. dplyr: a grammar of data manipulation. R package version 1.1.4. Available from: https:\/\/dplyr.tidyverse.org. Retrieved 23 Jan 2026."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_64_2","unstructured":"Barrett T Dowle M Srinivasan A Gorecki J Chirico M Hocking T Schwendinger B Krylov I. 2025. data.table: extension of `data.frame. R package version 1.18.99. Available from: https:\/\/r-datatable.com. Retrieved 23 Jan 2026."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.01686"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_66_2","unstructured":"Pedersen TL. 2025. patchwork: the composer of plots. R package version 1.3.2.9000. Available from: https:\/\/patchwork.data-imaginist.com\/authors.html. Retrieved 23 Jan 2026."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_67_2","unstructured":"Wickham H. 2016. ggplot2: elegant graphics for data analysis. Springer-Verlag New York. Available from: https:\/\/ggplot2.tidyverse.org\/. Retrieved 23 Jan 2026."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"FC M Davis TL. 2022. ggpattern: \u201cggplot2\u201d pattern geoms. Available from: https:\/\/github.com\/coolbutuseless\/ggpattern. Retrieved 23 Jan 2026.","DOI":"10.32614\/CRAN.package.ggpattern"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_69_2","unstructured":"Kassambara A. 2025. ggpubr: \u201cggplot2\u201d based publication ready plots. Available from: https:\/\/rpkgs.datanovia.com\/ggpubr\/. Retrieved 23 Jan 2026."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32614\/RJ-2017-066"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v112.i01"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_73_2","unstructured":"Fox J Weisberg S. 2019. An R companion to applied regressionthird. https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/car\/citation.html."}],"container-title":["Applied and Environmental Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/aem.01520-26","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/aem.01520-26","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T13:00:58Z","timestamp":1789563658000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/aem.01520-26"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"David A.","family":"Baltrus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"references-count":72,"alternative-id":["10.1128\/aem.01520-26"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aem.01520-26","relation":{},"ISSN":["0099-2240","1098-5336"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0099-2240","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5336","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-08-03","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-24","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-16","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e01520-26"}}