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In this fungus PEN production is compartmentalized in the cytosol and in peroxisomes. We demonstrate that under PEN-producing conditions significant amounts of cytosolic and peroxisomal proteins are degraded via autophagy. Morphological analysis, based on electron and fluorescence microscopy, revealed that this phenomenon might contribute to progressive deterioration of late subapical cells. We show that deletion of the\n            <jats:italic>P. chrysogenum<\/jats:italic>\n            ortholog of\n            <jats:italic>Saccharomyces cerevisiae<\/jats:italic>\n            serine-threonine kinase\n            <jats:italic>atg1<\/jats:italic>\n            results in impairment of autophagy. In\n            <jats:italic>P. chrysogenum atg1<\/jats:italic>\n            cells, a distinct delay in cell degeneration is observed relative to wild-type cells. This phenomenon is associated with an increase in the enzyme levels of the PEN biosynthetic pathway and enhanced production levels of this antibacterial compound.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.01531-10","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,18]],"date-time":"2010-12-18T04:06:21Z","timestamp":1292645181000},"page":"1413-1422","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Autophagy Deficiency Promotes \u03b2-Lactam Production in\n            <i>Penicillium chrysogenum<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Bartoszewska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Cell Biology, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 14, 9750 AA Haren, Netherlands"},{"name":"Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentation, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 14, 9750 AA Haren, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan A. K. W.","family":"Kiel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Cell Biology, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 14, 9750 AA Haren, Netherlands"},{"name":"Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentation, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 14, 9750 AA Haren, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roel A. L.","family":"Bovenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DSM Biotechnology Center, P.O. Box 425, 2600 AK, Delft, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marten","family":"Veenhuis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Cell Biology, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 14, 9750 AA Haren, Netherlands"},{"name":"Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentation, University of Groningen, P.O. 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