{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T06:09:08Z","timestamp":1791266948457,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,1]],"date-time":"2008-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1201824000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Ten variable-number tandem-repeat (VNTR) regions identified within the complete genomic sequence of\n            <jats:italic>Clostridium botulinum<\/jats:italic>\n            strain ATCC 3502 were used to characterize 59\n            <jats:italic>C. botulinum<\/jats:italic>\n            strains of the botulism neurotoxin A1 (BoNT\/A1) to BoNT\/A4 (BoNT\/A1-A4) subtypes to determine their ability to discriminate among the serotype A strains. Two strains representing each of the\n            <jats:italic>C. botulinum<\/jats:italic>\n            serotypes B to G, including five bivalent strains, and two strains of the closely related species\n            <jats:italic>Clostridium sporogenes<\/jats:italic>\n            were also tested. Amplified fragment length polymorphism analyses revealed the genetic diversity among the serotypes and the high degree of similarity among many of the BoNT\/A1 strains. The 10 VNTR markers amplified fragments within all of the serotype A strains but were less successful with strains of other serotypes. The composite multiple-locus VNTR analysis of the 59 BoNT\/A1-A4 strains and 3 bivalent B strains identified 38 different genotypes. Thirty genotypes were identified among the 53 BoNT\/A1 and BoNT\/A1(B) strains, demonstrating discrimination below the subtype level. Contaminating DNA within crude toxin preparations of three BoNT\/A subtypes (BoNT\/A1 to BoNT\/A3) also supported amplification of all of the VNTR regions. These markers provide clinical and forensics laboratories with a rapid, highly discriminatory tool to distinguish among\n            <jats:italic>C. botulinum<\/jats:italic>\n            BoNT\/A1 strains for investigations of botulism outbreaks.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.01539-07","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,15]],"date-time":"2007-12-15T01:54:26Z","timestamp":1197683666000},"page":"875-882","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Differentiation of\n            <i>Clostridium botulinum<\/i>\n            Serotype A Strains by Multiple-Locus Variable-Number Tandem-Repeat Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Thomas E.","family":"Macdonald","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisions of Bioscience"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles H.","family":"Helma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisions of Bioscience"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lawrence O.","family":"Ticknor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computing, Computational and Statistical Sciences, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul J.","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Defense Biology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard T.","family":"Okinaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisions of Bioscience"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonard A.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrated Toxicology Division, United States Army Medical Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Maryland 21702"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theresa J.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrated Toxicology Division, United States Army Medical Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Maryland 21702"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen K.","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisions of Bioscience"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/27.2.573"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.1997.00313.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.68.12.5870-5876.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.9.3186-3192.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","first-page":"112","year":"1988","unstructured":"Hatheway, C. 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Springer-Verlag, New York, NY.","journal-title":"Laboratory diagnosis of infectious diseases: principles and practice"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.3.1.66"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01180-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1605(99)00050-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.3.1224"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.182.10.2928-2936.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.3.1148-1154.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.9.3179-3185.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.61.12.4441-4447.1995"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.19.2.298-314.2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.2.650-656.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2007.06.166"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.3.1311-1317.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.46139-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-63.10.1347"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","unstructured":"Botulinum the organism its toxins the disease 1977"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2006.11.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","unstructured":"Genetic data analysis II 1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02039-05"}],"container-title":["Applied and Environmental Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AEM.01539-07","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AEM.01539-07","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]],"date-time":"2022-02-23T16:52:49Z","timestamp":1645635169000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/AEM.01539-07"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,2]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/AEM.01539-07"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aem.01539-07","relation":{},"ISSN":["0099-2240","1098-5336"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0099-2240","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5336","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2007-07-06","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2007-11-27","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2008-02-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}