{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T06:09:11Z","timestamp":1791266951400,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,1]],"date-time":"2011-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1296518400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            The genetic relatedness of\n            <jats:italic>Clostridium botulinum<\/jats:italic>\n            type E isolates associated with an outbreak of wildlife botulism was studied using random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Specimens were collected from November 2000 to December 2008 during a large outbreak of botulism affecting birds and fish living in and around Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. In our present study, a total of 355 wildlife samples were tested for the presence of botulinum toxin and\/or organisms. Type E botulinum toxin was detected in 110 samples from birds, 12 samples from fish, and 2 samples from mammals. Sediment samples from Lake Erie were also examined for the presence of\n            <jats:italic>C. botulinum<\/jats:italic>\n            . Fifteen of 17 sediment samples were positive for the presence of\n            <jats:italic>C. botulinum<\/jats:italic>\n            type E. Eighty-one\n            <jats:italic>C. botulinum<\/jats:italic>\n            isolates were obtained from plants, animals, and sediments; of these isolates, 44\n            <jats:italic>C. botulinum<\/jats:italic>\n            isolates produced type E toxin, as determined by mouse bioassay, while the remaining 37 isolates were not toxic for mice. All toxin-producing isolates were typed by RAPD; that analysis showed 12 different RAPD types and multiple subtypes. Our study thus demonstrates that multiple genetically distinct strains of\n            <jats:italic>C. botulinum<\/jats:italic>\n            were involved in the present outbreak of wildlife botulism. We found that\n            <jats:italic>C. botulinum<\/jats:italic>\n            type E is present in the sediments of Lake Erie and that a large range of bird and fish species is affected.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.01578-10","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,30]],"date-time":"2010-11-30T05:12:30Z","timestamp":1291093950000},"page":"1061-1068","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Biodiversity of\n            <i>Clostridium botulinum<\/i>\n            Type E Associated with a Large Outbreak of Botulism in Wildlife from Lake Erie and Lake Ontario"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"George E.","family":"Hannett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wadsworth Center, New York State Health Department, P.O. Box 22002, Albany, New York 12201-2002"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ward B.","family":"Stone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Resources Center, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, 108 Game Farm Rd., Delmar, New York 12054"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen W.","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wadsworth Center, New York State Health Department, P.O. Box 22002, Albany, New York 12201-2002"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle","family":"Wroblewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wadsworth Center, New York State Health Department, P.O. Box 22002, Albany, New York 12201-2002"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","unstructured":"Adams D. K. Roblee and W. Stone. 2004. Botulism caused fish & waterbird mortality in New York waters of Lakes Erie & Ontario p. 17-22. In Botulism in Lake Erie: Workshop Proceedings. Sea Grant Stony Brook NY. http:\/\/www.seagrant.sunysb.edu\/botulism\/pdfs\/Botulism-Proc04.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","unstructured":"Adams D. K. Roblee and W. Stone. 2009. NYS waterbird mortality as a result of type E botulism and nonnative invasive species poster B. Abstr. Odum Conf. 2009. New York Invasive Species Research Institute Cornell University Ithaca NY. http:\/\/www.nyisri.org\/odumposterB.aspx."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.91.3.919-924.1966"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.95.5.1542-1547.1968"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","first-page":"269","volume":"95","year":"1983","unstructured":"Brand, C. J., R. M. Duncan, S. P. Garrow, D. Olson, and L. E. Schumann. 1983. Water bird mortality from botulism type E in Lake Michigan: an update. 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