{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T05:11:30Z","timestamp":1789017090139,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,15]],"date-time":"2016-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1476489600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            The aim of this study is to explore the dispersion, clonality, and virulence of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Legionella pneumophila<\/jats:named-content>\n            serogroups 2 to 14 in the Greek environment. Eighty\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">L. pneumophila<\/jats:named-content>\n            serogroup 2 to 14 strains isolated from water distribution systems of hotels, hospitals, athletic venues, and ferries in Greece were tested by monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) for serogroup discrimination and molecularly by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) for genetic diversity. Fifty-six of 80 strains were also typed by the sequence-based typing (SBT) method. \u0391ll strains were further analyzed for detection of two pathogenicity loci:\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Legionella<\/jats:named-content>\n            <jats:italic>vir<\/jats:italic>\n            homologue (\n            <jats:italic>lvh<\/jats:italic>\n            ) and repeats in structural toxin (\n            <jats:italic>rtxA<\/jats:italic>\n            ). Thirty-seven strains (46.2%) belonged to serogroup 6, 26 strains (32.5%) to serogroup 3, and 7 (8.8%) to other serogroups (4, 5, 8, and 10). Ten strains (12.5%) were nontypeable (NT) into the known serogroups. Thirty-nine different AFLP types were found among the 80\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">L. pneumophila<\/jats:named-content>\n            serogroup 2 to 14 strains, and 24 different SBT types were found among the 56 strains tested. Among the 80 strains, the\n            <jats:italic>lvh<\/jats:italic>\n            locus was present in 75 (93.8%), the\n            <jats:italic>rtxA<\/jats:italic>\n            locus was found in 76 (95%), and both loci were found in 73 (91.3%) strains. This study showed that there is genetic variability of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">L. pneumophila<\/jats:named-content>\n            serogroups 2 to 14 in the Greek environment as well as a high percentage of the pathogenicity loci. \u0399ntroducing an effective diagnostic test for\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">L. pneumophila<\/jats:named-content>\n            serogroups 2 to 14 in urine and promoting the examination of respiratory specimens from patients hospitalized for pneumonia in Greek hospitals are essential.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>\n            In this study, the dispersion, clonality, and virulence of environmental isolates of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Legionella pneumophila<\/jats:named-content>\n            serogroups 2 to 14 (Lp2\u201314) in Greece were investigated. Genetic variability of Lp2\u201314 in the Greek environment was identified together with the presence of the pathogenicity loci in a high percentage of the isolates. Despite the high prevalence of Lp2\u201314 in the Greek environment, no clinical cases were reported, which may be due to underdiagnosis of the disease. Almost all the legionellosis cases are diagnosed in Greece by using the urine antigen test, which is specific for Lp1. There is an urgent need to improve the clinical diagnosis of legionellosis by introducing an effective diagnostic test for Lp2\u201314 in urine and by promoting the PCR examination of respiratory specimens from patients with compatible clinical symptoms.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.01672-16","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,6]],"date-time":"2016-08-06T02:48:40Z","timestamp":1470451720000},"page":"6102-6108","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Epidemiological Investigation of Legionella pneumophila Serogroup 2 to 14 Isolates from Water Samples by Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism and Sequence-Based Typing and Detection of Virulence Traits"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Anna","family":"Katsiaflaka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Spyros","family":"Pournaras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ioulia","family":"Kristo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Varvara A.","family":"Mouchtouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Kyritsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Velonakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, National School of Public Health, Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alkiviadis C.","family":"Vatopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, National School of Public Health, Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christos","family":"Hadjichristodoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.41.1.9-16.1981"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197712012972201"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","first-page":"149","article-title":"Pontiac fever: an epidemic of unknown etiology in a health department. 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