{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T05:24:10Z","timestamp":1793165050313,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766448000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766448000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000038","name":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["75F40123R00107"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75F40123R00107"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>\n                      is a leading bacterial cause of foodborne illness, often transmitted through contaminated food and water. Improved food handling has led to considerable reductions of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      contamination in meat and poultry products; this does not wholly contribute to decreased salmonellosis incidence, highlighting the need to define alternative reservoirs and transmission pathways. In this study, we collected samples from four distinct watersheds over 24 months to characterize\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      serovar diversity and utilized phylogenetic approaches, along with proximal land use analyses, to identify relationships between environmental reservoirs and hosts. Across 19 sites, including animal agriculture, suburban, and forested areas, 10 L water samples were collected (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 456), and cultured for\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      , followed by whole genome sequencing of isolates and deep serotyping of positive samples. Overall prevalence was 69% (314\/456), and generalized linear mixed models showed that compared to proximal land use, seasonal weather patterns, including precipitation and humidity, significantly influenced recovery and complexity. Antimicrobial resistance was detected in 11% (33\/314) of isolates, with 21% (7\/33) classified as multidrug resistant. CRISPR-SeroSeq identified 37 serovars, and multiserovar populations were detected in 89% (229\/258) of positive samples with sequencing data, averaging 3.7 serovars\/sample. Comparison with national food animal production monitoring showed limited serovar overlap, with serovar Rubislaw dominating water samples but absent in agricultural data sets. Collectively, these results demonstrate extensive serovar diversity within\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      populations in freshwater systems, including clinically relevant serovars, and emphasize the need to develop a robust surveillance platform for source attribution and, ultimately, prevention of future outbreaks.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        Contaminated surface water significantly contributes to global\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                        illnesses, marking a critical need to assess serovars present and determine environmental variables affecting the population dynamics in this reservoir. We found that complex multiserovar populations, often including pathogenic serovars, occur in surface water regardless of proximal land use. Notably, many aquatic serovars are not detected in animal agriculture monitoring and the phylogeny presented here shows isolates are more closely related to human clinical than animal-source isolates. However, limited serotyping data are available for alternative reservoirs of foodborne illness, namely, wildlife, which hinders source attribution. This study highlights a significant gap in understanding environmental\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                        transmission and underscores the importance of a One Health surveillance approach to protect public health.\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.01770-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T14:00:31Z","timestamp":1764856831000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A two-year study of\n                    <i>Salmonella<\/i>\n                    in four natural watersheds highlights the need for increased environmental\n                    <i>Salmonella<\/i>\n                    surveillance to close the One Health loop"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"91","author":[{"given":"Jared C.","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00te3t702","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia","place":["Athens, USA"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00te3t702","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Microbiology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia","place":["Athens, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3872-1252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy T.","family":"Siceloff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00te3t702","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia","place":["Athens, USA"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00te3t702","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Microbiology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia","place":["Athens, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sherwin M.","family":"Shirazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00te3t702","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia","place":["Athens, USA"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00te3t702","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Statistics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia","place":["Athens, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca L.","family":"Bell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divison of Food and Environmental Safety, Office of Applied Microbiology and Technology, Office of Laboratory Operations and Applied Science, Human Foods Program, U.S. Food and Drug Administration","place":["College Park, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3943-4829","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nikki W.","family":"Shariat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00te3t702","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia","place":["Athens, USA"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00te3t702","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Microbiology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia","place":["Athens, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00458-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 2023. 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