{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T02:28:01Z","timestamp":1789871281952,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,15]],"date-time":"2013-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1384473600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>We recently reported that the<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Thermotogales<\/jats:named-content>acquired the ability to synthesize vitamin B<jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>by acquisition of genes from two distantly related lineages,<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Archaea<\/jats:named-content>and<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Firmicutes<\/jats:named-content>(K. S. Swithers et al., Genome Biol. Evol. 4:730\u2013739, 2012). Ancestral state reconstruction suggested that the cobinamide salvage gene cluster was present in the<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Thermotogales<\/jats:named-content>' most recent common ancestor. We also predicted that<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Thermotoga lettingae<\/jats:named-content>could not synthesize B<jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub><jats:italic>de novo<\/jats:italic>but could use the cobinamide salvage pathway to synthesize B<jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>. In this study, these hypotheses were tested, and we found that<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Tt. lettingae<\/jats:named-content>did not synthesize B<jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub><jats:italic>de novo<\/jats:italic>but salvaged cobinamide. The growth rate of<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Tt. lettingae<\/jats:named-content>increased with the addition of B<jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>or cobinamide to its medium. It synthesized B<jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>when the medium was supplemented with cobinamide, and no B<jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>was detected in cells grown on cobinamide-deficient medium. Upstream of the cobinamide salvage genes is a putative B<jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>riboswitch. In other organisms, B<jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>riboswitches allow for higher transcriptional activity in the absence of B<jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>. When<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Tt. lettingae<\/jats:named-content>was grown with no B<jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>, the salvage genes were upregulated compared to cells grown with B<jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>or cobinamide. Another gene cluster with a putative B<jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>riboswitch upstream is the<jats:italic>btuFCD<\/jats:italic>ABC transporter, and it showed a transcription pattern similar to that of the cobinamide salvage genes. The BtuF proteins from species that can and cannot salvage cobinamides were shown<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>to bind both B<jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>and cobinamide. These results suggest that<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Thermotogales<\/jats:named-content>species can use the BtuFCD transporter to import both B<jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>and cobinamide, even if they cannot salvage cobinamide.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.01800-13","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,7]],"date-time":"2013-09-07T05:31:11Z","timestamp":1378531871000},"page":"7006-7012","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Thermotoga lettingae Can Salvage Cobinamide To Synthesize Vitamin B<sub>12<\/sub>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"79","author":[{"given":"Nicholas C.","family":"Butzin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael A.","family":"Secinaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristen S.","family":"Swithers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. Peter","family":"Gogarten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth M.","family":"Noll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0723-2020(87)80053-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msq057"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6150-6-45"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0504068102"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0901260106"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evs057"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-001-0902-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-10-78"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00503-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.187.17.5901-5909.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/am.5.4.235-243.1957"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-148-11-3531"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoac\/85.5.1187"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02487-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.185.18.5643-5647.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","volume-title":"Whole genome transcription profiling of Thermotoga maritima in response to growth on glucose, lactose and maltose","author":"Nguyen TN","year":"2004","unstructured":"NguyenTN. 2004. 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