{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T21:13:57Z","timestamp":1780089237789,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,1]],"date-time":"2009-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1230768000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            A case-control study was performed in the Kruger National Park (KNP), South Africa, to find out whether impala (\n            <jats:italic>Aepyceros melampus<\/jats:italic>\n            ) were more likely to harbor tetracycline-resistant\n            <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n            (TREC) in their feces when they drank from rivers that contained these bacteria than when they drank from rivers that were uncontaminated with TREC. The following five perennial rivers were selected: the Crocodile, the Letaba, the Olifants, the Sabie, and the Sand. Samples of river water (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 33) and feces (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 209), collected at 11 different sites, were cultured for\n            <jats:italic>E. coli.<\/jats:italic>\n            The resulting colonies were screened for tetracycline resistance by use of the Lederberg replica plating method (breakpoint, 4 mg\/liter). A resistant and\/or a susceptible isolate was then selected from each sample and subjected to the CLSI MIC broth microdilution test for tetracyclines. Among the 21 water specimens contaminated by\n            <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n            , 19.05% (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 4) were found to be resistant by the MIC method (breakpoint, \u22658 mg\/liter). This led to the Crocodile, Olifants, and Letaba rivers being classified as TREC positive. Among the 209 impala feces sampled, 191 were positive for the presence of\n            <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n            (91.38%). Within these (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 191), 9.95% (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 19) of the isolates were shown to be TREC by the MIC method. It was found that 1.11% (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 1) of the\n            <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n            isolates cultured from the feces of the control group (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 90) were TREC, in comparison with 17.82% (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 18) of those in feces from the exposed group (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 101). The calculation of the odds ratio showed that impala drinking from TREC-contaminated rivers were 19.3 (2.63 to 141.69) times more likely to be infected with TREC than were unexposed impala. This is a significant finding, indicating that surface water could be a possible source of antimicrobial resistance in na\u00efve animal populations and that impala could act as sentinels for antimicrobial resistance.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.01808-08","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,1]],"date-time":"2008-11-01T00:56:19Z","timestamp":1225500979000},"page":"113-118","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Case-Control Study To Determine whether River Water Can Spread Tetracycline Resistance to Unexposed Impala (\n            <i>Aepyceros melampus<\/i>\n            ) in Kruger National Park (South Africa)"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"V.","family":"Mariano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paraclinical Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. M. E.","family":"McCrindle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paraclinical Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Cenci-Goga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. A.","family":"Picard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.7.2054-2059.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.42.2.277-283.1981"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2006.05.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","unstructured":"Bloland P. B. 2001. Drug resistance in malaria. Department of Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response WHO Geneva Switzerland. www.who.int\/entity\/drugresistance\/publications\/WHO_CDS_CSR_DRS_2001_4\/en\/\n. 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