{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T23:23:48Z","timestamp":1788909828066,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,1]],"date-time":"2016-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1475280000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31272591"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31272591"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Riemerella anatipestifer<\/jats:named-content>\n            is a major bacterial pathogen that causes septicemic and exudative diseases in domestic ducks. In our previous study, we found that deletion of the\n            <jats:italic>AS87_01735<\/jats:italic>\n            gene significantly decreased the bacterial virulence of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">R. anatipestifer<\/jats:named-content>\n            strain Yb2 (mutant RA625). The\n            <jats:italic>AS87_01735<\/jats:italic>\n            gene was predicted to encode a nicotinamidase (PncA), a key enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of nicotinamide to nicotinic acid, which is an important reaction in the NAD\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            salvage pathway. In this study, the\n            <jats:italic>AS87_01735<\/jats:italic>\n            gene was expressed and identified as the PncA-encoding gene, using an enzymatic assay. Western blot analysis demonstrated that\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">R. anatipestifer<\/jats:named-content>\n            PncA was localized to the cytoplasm. The mutant strain RA625 (named Yb2\u0394\n            <jats:italic>pncA<\/jats:italic>\n            in this study) showed a similar growth rate but decreased NAD\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            quantities in both the exponential and stationary phases in tryptic soy broth culture, compared with the wild-type strain Yb2. In addition, Yb2\u0394\n            <jats:italic>pncA<\/jats:italic>\n            -infected ducks showed much lower bacterial loads in their blood, and no visible histological changes were observed in the heart, liver, and spleen. Furthermore, Yb2\u0394\n            <jats:italic>pncA<\/jats:italic>\n            immunization of ducks conferred effective protection against challenge with the virulent wild-type strain Yb2. Our results suggest that the\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">R. anatipestifer<\/jats:named-content>\n            <jats:italic>AS87_01735<\/jats:italic>\n            gene encodes PncA, which is an important virulence factor, and that the Yb2\u0394\n            <jats:italic>pncA<\/jats:italic>\n            mutant can be used as a novel live vaccine candidate.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Riemerella anatipestifer<\/jats:named-content>\n            is reported worldwide as a cause of septicemic and exudative diseases of domestic ducks. The\n            <jats:italic>pncA<\/jats:italic>\n            gene encodes a nicotinamidase (PncA), a key enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of nicotinamide to nicotinic acid, which is an important reaction in the NAD\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            salvage pathway. In this study, we identified and characterized the\n            <jats:italic>pncA<\/jats:italic>\n            -homologous gene\n            <jats:italic>AS87_01735<\/jats:italic>\n            in\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">R. anatipestifer<\/jats:named-content>\n            strain Yb2.\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">R. anatipestifer<\/jats:named-content>\n            PncA is a cytoplasmic protein that possesses similar PncA activity, compared with other organisms. Generation of the\n            <jats:italic>pncA<\/jats:italic>\n            mutant Yb2\u0394\n            <jats:italic>pncA<\/jats:italic>\n            led to a decrease in the NAD\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            content, which was associated with decreased capacity for invasion and attenuated virulence in ducks. Furthermore, Yb2\u0394\n            <jats:italic>pncA<\/jats:italic>\n            immunization of ducks conferred effective protection against challenge with the virulent wild-type strain Yb2. Altogether, these results suggest that PncA contributes to the virulence of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">R. anatipestifer<\/jats:named-content>\n            and that the Yb2\u0394\n            <jats:italic>pncA<\/jats:italic>\n            mutant can be used as a novel live vaccine candidate.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.01829-16","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,23]],"date-time":"2016-07-23T03:19:45Z","timestamp":1469243985000},"page":"5815-5823","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["The Riemerella anatipestifer\n            <i>AS87_01735<\/i>\n            Gene Encodes Nicotinamidase PncA, an Important Virulence Factor"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Xiaolan","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beibei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yafeng","family":"Dou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongjie","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaohui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chan","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengqing","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","first-page":"113","article-title":"Riemerella anatipestifer infection of domestic ducklings","volume":"38","author":"Leavitt S","year":"1997","unstructured":"Leavitt S, Ayroud M. 1997. 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