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Here we characterize an SCV that spontaneously emerged from an axenic\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Salmonella enterica<\/jats:named-content>\n            serovar Typhimurium water culture. We found that the SCV harbored a frameshift mutation in the glutamine synthetase gene\n            <jats:italic>glnA<\/jats:italic>\n            , leading to an \u223c90% truncation of the corresponding protein. Glutamine synthetase, a central enzyme in nitrogen assimilation, converts glutamate and ammonia to glutamine. Glutamine is an important nitrogen donor that is required for the synthesis of cellular compounds. The internal glutamine pool serves as an indicator of nitrogen availability in\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Salmonella<\/jats:named-content>\n            . In our study, the SCV and a constructed\n            <jats:italic>glnA<\/jats:italic>\n            knockout mutant showed reduced growth rates, compared to the wild type. Moreover, the SCV and the\n            <jats:italic>glnA<\/jats:italic>\n            mutant displayed attenuated entry into host cells and severely reduced levels of exoproteins, including flagellin and several\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Salmonella<\/jats:named-content>\n            pathogenicity island 1 (SPI-1)-dependent secreted virulence factors. We found that these proteins were also depleted in cell lysates, indicating their diminished synthesis. Accordingly, the SCV and the\n            <jats:italic>glnA<\/jats:italic>\n            mutant had severely decreased expression of flagellin genes, several SPI-1 effector genes, and a class 2 motility gene (\n            <jats:italic>flgB<\/jats:italic>\n            ). However, the expression of a class 1 motility gene (\n            <jats:italic>flhD<\/jats:italic>\n            ) was not affected. Supplementation with glutamine or genetic reversion of the\n            <jats:italic>glnA<\/jats:italic>\n            truncation restored growth, cell entry, gene expression, and protein abundance. In summary, our data show that\n            <jats:italic>glnA<\/jats:italic>\n            is essential for the growth of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. enterica<\/jats:named-content>\n            and controls important motility- and virulence-related traits in response to glutamine availability.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Salmonella enterica<\/jats:named-content>\n            serovar Typhimurium is a significant pathogen causing foodborne infections. Here we describe an\n            <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n            . Typhimurium small colony variant (SCV) that spontaneously emerged from a long-term starvation experiment in water. It is important to study SCVs because (i) SCVs may arise spontaneously upon exposure to stresses, including environmental and host defense stresses, (ii) SCVs are slow growing and difficult to eradicate, and (iii) only a few descriptions of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. enterica<\/jats:named-content>\n            SCVs are available. We clarify the genetic basis of the SCV described here as a frameshift mutation in the glutamine synthetase gene\n            <jats:italic>glnA<\/jats:italic>\n            , leading to glutamine auxotrophy. In\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Salmonella<\/jats:named-content>\n            , internal glutamine limitation serves as a sign of external nitrogen deficiency and is thought to regulate cell growth. In addition to exhibiting impaired growth, the SCV showed reduced host cell entry and reduced expression of SPI-1 virulence and flagellin genes.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.01838-17","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,17]],"date-time":"2017-11-17T16:20:32Z","timestamp":1510935632000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["<i>glnA<\/i>\n            Truncation in Salmonella enterica Results in a Small Colony Variant Phenotype, Attenuated Host Cell Entry, and Reduced Expression of Flagellin and SPI-1-Associated Effector Genes"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"Philipp","family":"Aurass","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Bacterial Infections (FG11), Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juliane","family":"D\u00fcvel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Bacterial Infections (FG11), Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"Karste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Bacterial Infections (FG11), Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ulrich","family":"N\u00fcbel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institute DSMZ, Department of Microbial Genome Research, Braunschweig, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Rabsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Bacterial Infections (FG11), Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antje","family":"Flieger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Bacterial Infections (FG11), Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-011-0841-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","first-page":"93","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of Salmonella virulence and host resistance","volume":"337","author":"Valdez Y","year":"2009","unstructured":"Valdez Y, Ferreira RB, Finlay BB. 2009. 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