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With rising resistance of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                      to drugs and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Anopheles<\/jats:italic>\n                      mosquitoes to insecticides, paratransgenesis\u2014using engineered symbiotic bacteria to deliver anti-pathogen molecules\u2014offers a promising alternative. Translating this approach to field applications requires rigorous evaluation under semi-field conditions. We evaluated the environmental stability and transmission dynamics of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Serratia<\/jats:italic>\n                      AS1-mCherry, a paratransgenesis candidate, in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Anopheles stephensi<\/jats:italic>\n                      habitats under semi-field conditions in Bandar Abbas, Iran.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Serratia<\/jats:italic>\n                      AS1 successfully colonized mosquito midguts and ovaries, persisted in larval breeding water for 14 days, and remained stable on sugar-soaked cotton pads for 4\u20136 days. Transmission routes include transstadial, venereal, and vertical transmission, in addition to adult acquisition from larval habitats (sipping), demonstrating robust colonization and dissemination. Water-based delivery effectively disseminates\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Serratia<\/jats:italic>\n                      AS1 among mosquito populations, highlighting its potential for paratransgenesis-based malaria control. This study establishes the feasibility of using\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Serratia<\/jats:italic>\n                      AS1 with effector molecules in field settings, offering a sustainable strategy for managing vector-borne diseases.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Malaria remains a major health challenge, especially in developing countries where traditional control methods like insecticides and drugs are becoming less effective due to resistance. This study explores a promising new approach called paratransgenesis, which uses genetically modified bacteria to fight malaria. We tested a bacterium called\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Serratia<\/jats:italic>\n                      AS1, which can live inside mosquitoes and spread through their populations. Our experiments showed that\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Serratia<\/jats:italic>\n                      AS1 can survive in mosquito breeding sites and spread effectively among mosquitoes through multiple routes, such as larval water, sugar sources, and even from parent mosquitoes to their offspring. These findings suggest that\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Serratia<\/jats:italic>\n                      AS1 could be used to deliver anti-malaria molecules to mosquitoes in the wild, offering a sustainable and innovative way to control the disease. This work brings us one step closer to using paratransgenesis as a practical tool to reduce malaria transmission and save lives.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.01840-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T13:47:14Z","timestamp":1764078434000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Environmental persistence and transmission dynamics of\n                    <i>Serratia<\/i>\n                    AS1 in mosquito habitats: advancing paratransgenesis for malaria control"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"91","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1667-9014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hossein","family":"Kamel Urmia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01c4pz451","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Vector Biology and Control of Diseases, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences","place":["Tehran, Iran"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7443-9230","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mona","family":"Koosha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/034m2b326","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences","place":["Tehran, Iran"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4031-877X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bagher","family":"Yakhchali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03ckh6215","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Institute of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology","place":["Tehran, Iran"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6073-2594","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Seyed Hassan","family":"Moosa-Kazemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01c4pz451","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Vector Biology and Control of Diseases, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences","place":["Tehran, Iran"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3004-0364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Ali","family":"Oshaghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01c4pz451","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Vector Biology and Control of Diseases, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences","place":["Tehran, Iran"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","unstructured":"Organization WH. 2024. 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