{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T02:01:42Z","timestamp":1791252102867,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,1]],"date-time":"2007-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1172707200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>The primary endosymbiotic bacteria from three species of parasitic primate lice were characterized molecularly. We have confirmed the characterization of the primary endosymbiont (P-endosymbiont) of the human head\/body louse<jats:italic>Pediculus humanus<\/jats:italic>and provide new characterizations of the P-endosymbionts from<jats:italic>Pediculus schaeffi<\/jats:italic>from chimpanzees and<jats:italic>Pthirus pubis<\/jats:italic>, the pubic louse of humans. The endosymbionts show an average percent sequence divergence of 11 to 15% from the most closely related known bacterium \u201c<jats:italic>Candidatus<\/jats:italic>Arsenophonus insecticola.\u201d We propose that two additional species be added to the genus \u201c<jats:italic>Candidatus<\/jats:italic>Riesia.\u201d The new species proposed within \u201c<jats:italic>Candidatus<\/jats:italic>Riesia\u201d have sequence divergences of 3.4% and 10 to 12% based on uncorrected pairwise differences. Our Bayesian analysis shows that the branching pattern for the primary endosymbionts was the same as that for their louse hosts, suggesting a long coevolutionary history between primate lice and their primary endosymbionts. We used a calibration of 5.6 million years to date the divergence between endosymbionts from human and chimpanzee lice and estimated an evolutionary rate of nucleotide substitution of 0.67% per million years, which is 15 to 30 times faster than previous estimates calculated for<jats:italic>Buchnera<\/jats:italic>, the primary endosymbiont in aphids. Given the evidence for cospeciation with primate lice and the evidence for fast evolutionary rates, this lineage of endosymbiotic bacteria can be evaluated as a fast-evolving marker of both louse and primate evolutionary histories.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.01877-06","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,13]],"date-time":"2007-01-13T01:35:27Z","timestamp":1168652127000},"page":"1659-1664","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":94,"title":["Evolutionary Relationships of \u201c<i>Candidatus<\/i>Riesia spp.,\u201d Endosymbiotic<i>Enterobacteriaceae<\/i>Living within Hematophagous Primate Lice"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"73","author":[{"given":"Julie M.","family":"Allen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoology Department, University of Florida, 223 Bartram Hall, Gainesville, Florida 32611"},{"name":"Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Dickinson Hall, Gainesville, Florida 32611"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David L.","family":"Reed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Dickinson Hall, Gainesville, Florida 32611"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Alejandra","family":"Perotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, University of Wales Bangor, Bangor LL57 2UW, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henk R.","family":"Braig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, University of Wales Bangor, Bangor LL57 2UW, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aesa\/92.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000023611"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00446386"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025958"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","unstructured":"Buchner P. 1965. Endosymbiosis of animals with plant microorganisms. 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