{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:27:08Z","timestamp":1792787228964,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]],"date-time":"2018-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514764800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"USDA NIFA","award":["2014-67017-21705"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014-67017-21705"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Vegetable seeds contaminated with bacterial pathogens have been linked to fresh-produce-associated outbreaks of gastrointestinal infections. This study was undertaken to observe the physiological behavior of\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Salmonella enterica<\/jats:named-content>\n                    and enterohemorrhagic\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Escherichia coli<\/jats:named-content>\n                    (EHEC) cells artificially internalized into vegetable seeds during the germination process. Surface-decontaminated seeds of alfalfa, fenugreek, lettuce, and tomato were vacuum-infiltrated with four individual strains of\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Salmonella<\/jats:named-content>\n                    or EHEC. Contaminated seeds were germinated at 25\u00b0C for 9 days, and different sprout\/seedling tissues were microbiologically analyzed every other day. The internalization of\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Salmonella<\/jats:named-content>\n                    and EHEC cells into vegetable seeds was confirmed by the absence of pathogens in seed-rinsing water and the presence of pathogens in seed homogenates after postinternalization seed surface decontamination. Results show that 317 (62%) and 343 (67%) of the 512 collected sprout\/seedling tissue samples were positive for\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Salmonella<\/jats:named-content>\n                    and EHEC, respectively. The average\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Salmonella<\/jats:named-content>\n                    populations were significantly larger (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.05) than the EHEC populations. Significantly larger\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Salmonella<\/jats:named-content>\n                    populations were recovered from the cotyledon and seed coat tissues, followed by the root tissues, but the mean EHEC populations from all sampled tissue sections were statistically similar, except in pregerminated seeds. Three\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Salmonella<\/jats:named-content>\n                    and two EHEC strains had significantly larger cell populations on sprout\/seedling tissues than other strains used in the study.\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Salmonella<\/jats:named-content>\n                    and EHEC populations from fenugreek and alfalfa tissues were significantly larger than those from tomato and lettuce tissues. The study showed the fate of internalized human pathogens on germinating vegetable seeds and sprout\/seedling tissues and emphasized the importance of using pathogen-free seeds for sprout production.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>\n                    The internalization of microorganisms into vegetable seeds could occur naturally and represents a possible pathway of vegetable seed contamination by human pathogens. The present study investigated the ability of two important bacterial pathogens,\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Salmonella<\/jats:named-content>\n                    and enterohemorrhagic\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Escherichia coli<\/jats:named-content>\n                    (EHEC), when artificially internalized into vegetable seeds, to grow and disseminate along vegetable sprouts\/seedlings during germination. The data from the study revealed that the pathogen cells artificially internalized into vegetable seeds caused the contamination of different tissues of sprouts\/seedlings and that pathogen growth on germinating seeds is bacterial species and vegetable seed-type dependent. These results further stress the necessity of using pathogen-free vegetable seeds for edible sprout production.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.01888-17","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,27]],"date-time":"2017-10-27T13:40:28Z","timestamp":1509111628000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Fate of Salmonella enterica and Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli Cells Artificially Internalized into Vegetable Seeds during Germination"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"Da","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, The University of Georgia, Griffin, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, The University of Georgia, Griffin, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald","family":"Walcott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Pathology, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinru","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, The University of Georgia, Griffin, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1605(99)00135-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0956-7135(98)00022-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/513985"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","first-page":"741","article-title":"Outbreaks of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection associated with eating alfalfa sprouts\u2013Michigan and Virginia, June\u2013July 1997","volume":"46","author":"Como-Sabetti K","year":"1997","unstructured":"Como-Sabetti K, Reagan S, Allaire S, Parrott K, Simonds CM, Hrabowy S, Ritter B, Hall W, Altamirano J, Martin R, Downes F, Jennings G, Barrie R, Dorman MF, Keon N, Kucab M, Al Shab A, Robinson-Dunn B, Dietrich S, Moshur L, Reese L, Smith J, Wilcox K, Tilden J, Wojtala G, Park JD, Winnett M, Petrilack L, Vasquez L, Jenkins S, Barrett E, Linn M, Woolard D, Hackler R, Martin H, McWilliams D, Rouse B, Willis S, Rullan J, Miller G, Jr, Henderson S, Pearson J, Beers J, Davis R, Saunders D. 1997. 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