{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T22:46:27Z","timestamp":1790203587563,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]],"date-time":"2018-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514764800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Bacteria of the genus\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Enterococcus<\/jats:named-content>\n            are important human pathogens that are frequently resistant to a number of clinically important antibiotics. They are also used as markers of animal fecal contamination of human foods and are employed as sentinel organisms for tracking trends in resistance to antimicrobials with Gram-positive activity. As part of the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS), we evaluated several retail meat commodities for the presence of enterococci from 2002 to 2014, and we found 92.0% to be contaminated. The majority of isolates were either\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:named-content>\n            (64.0%) or\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Enterococcus faecium<\/jats:named-content>\n            (28.6%), and the antimicrobial resistance of each isolate was assessed by broth microdilution. The resistance prevalences for several drugs, including erythromycin and gentamicin, were significantly higher among poultry isolates, compared to retail beef or pork isolates. None of the isolates was resistant to the clinically important human drug vancomycin, only 1 isolate was resistant to linezolid, and resistance to tigecycline was below 1%. In contrast, a majority of both\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">E. faecalis<\/jats:named-content>\n            (67.5%) and\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">E. faecium<\/jats:named-content>\n            (53.7%) isolates were resistant to tetracycline. Overall, the robust NARMS testing system employed consistent sampling practices and methods throughout the testing period, with the only significant trend in resistance prevalence being decreased\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">E. faecium<\/jats:named-content>\n            resistance to penicillin. These data provide excellent baseline levels of resistance that can be used to measure future changes in resistance prevalence that may result from alterations in the use of antimicrobials in food animal production.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>\n            Enterococci, including\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">E. faecalis<\/jats:named-content>\n            and\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">E. faecium<\/jats:named-content>\n            , are present in the guts of food-producing animals and are used as a measure of fecal contamination of meat. We used the large consistent sampling methods of NARMS to assess the prevalence of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Enterococcus<\/jats:named-content>\n            strains isolated from retail meats, and we found over 90% of meats to be contaminated with enterococci. We also assessed the resistance of the\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Enterococcus<\/jats:named-content>\n            strains, commonly used as a measure of resistance to agents with Gram-positive activity, in foods. Resistance prevalence was over 25% for some antimicrobials and sample sources but was less than 1% for several of the most important therapeutic agents used in human medicine.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.01902-17","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,14]],"date-time":"2017-10-14T01:00:19Z","timestamp":1507942819000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Enterococci Isolated from Retail Meats in the United States, 2002 to 2014"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"Gregory H.","family":"Tyson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of Research, Laurel, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Epiphanie","family":"Nyirabahizi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of Research, Laurel, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Crarey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of Research, Laurel, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudine","family":"Kabera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of Research, Laurel, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Lam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of Research, Laurel, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Crystal","family":"Rice-Trujillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of Research, Laurel, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick F.","family":"McDermott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of Research, Laurel, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather","family":"Tate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of Research, Laurel, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","volume-title":"Enterococci: from commensals to leading causes of drug resistant infection","author":"Lebreton F","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lebreton F, Willems RJL, Gilmore MS. 2014. Enterococcus diversity, origins in nature, and gut colonization. In Gilmore MS, Clewell DB, Ike Y, Shankar N (ed), Enterococci: from commensals to leading causes of drug resistant infection. Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","first-page":"149","article-title":"The emergence of enterococci as a cause of nosocomial infection","volume":"55","author":"Hunt CP","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hunt CP. 1998. The emergence of enterococci as a cause of nosocomial infection. 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