{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T15:50:33Z","timestamp":1789401033670,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,15]],"date-time":"2008-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1208217600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            The goal of this study was to determine the impact of physiological growth states (batch exponential and batch stationary growth) and growth modes (substrate-limited chemostat, substrate-sufficient exponential batch, and substrate-depleted stationary batch growth) on several measures of growth and responses to Cd(II)-mediated inhibition of\n            <jats:italic>Nitrosomonas europaea<\/jats:italic>\n            strain 19718. The specific oxygen uptake rate (sOUR) was the most sensitive indicator of inhibition among the different responses analyzed, including total cell abundance, membrane integrity, intracellular 16S rRNA\/DNA ratio, and\n            <jats:italic>amoA<\/jats:italic>\n            expression. This observation remained true irrespective of the physiological state, the growth mode, or the mode of Cd(II) exposure. Based on the sOUR, a strong time-dependent exacerbation of inhibition (in terms of an inhibition coefficient [\n            <jats:italic>\n              K\n              <jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub>\n            <\/jats:italic>\n            ]) in exponential batch cultures was observed. Long-term inhibition levels (based on\n            <jats:italic>\n              K\n              <jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub>\n            <\/jats:italic>\n            estimates) in metabolically active chemostat and exponential batch cultures were also especially severe and comparable. In contrast, the inhibition level in stationary-phase cultures was 10-fold lower and invariable with exposure time. Different strategies for surviving substrate limitation (a 10-fold increase in\n            <jats:italic>amoA<\/jats:italic>\n            expression) and starvation (the retention of 16S rRNA levels) in\n            <jats:italic>N. europaea<\/jats:italic>\n            cultures were observed.\n            <jats:italic>amoA<\/jats:italic>\n            expression was most negatively impacted by Cd(II) exposure in the chemostat cultures, was less impacted in exponential batch cultures, and was least impacted in stationary batch cultures. Although the\n            <jats:italic>amoA<\/jats:italic>\n            response was consistent with that of the sOUR, the\n            <jats:italic>amoA<\/jats:italic>\n            response was not as strong. The intracellular 16S rRNA\/DNA ratio, as determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization, also did not uniformly correlate with the sOUR under conditions of inhibition or no inhibition. Finally, Cd(II)-mediated inhibition of\n            <jats:italic>N. europaea<\/jats:italic>\n            was attributed partially to oxidative stress.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.01940-07","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,2]],"date-time":"2008-02-02T02:07:33Z","timestamp":1201918053000},"page":"2447-2453","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Physiological State, Growth Mode, and Oxidative Stress Play a Role in Cd(II)-Mediated Inhibition of\n            <i>Nitrosomonas europaea<\/i>\n            19718"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Kartik","family":"Chandran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy G.","family":"Love","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1998.tb13215.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MR.53.1.68-84.1989"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","first-page":"482","volume":"54","year":"1982","unstructured":"Beg, S. 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