{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T21:48:07Z","timestamp":1792100887225,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769472000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769472000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32360015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32360015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 AI127793,R01 AI101171"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI127793,R01 AI101171"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Many bacterial pathogens must acquire metal ions for proliferation and pathogenesis. In gram-negative bacteria, the TonB system is crucial for nutrient uptake. Previous research indicates that\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      uses the energy transduction protein TonB1 for iron uptake. Although zinc and iron are essential for\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      , it is unknown whether TonB1 is also important for its zinc uptake. Here, a\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">tonB1<\/jats:italic>\n                      deletion mutant was constructed from\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      PAO1. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and other methods revealed that the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">tonB1<\/jats:italic>\n                      mutation significantly altered zinc homeostasis, as evidenced by diminished zinc uptake capacity, and affected other zinc-related phenotypes in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      , such as increased susceptibility to the host-secreted nutritional immunity protein calprotectin (CP), reduced oxidative stress resistance, impaired motility, and attenuated virulence in both Chinese cabbage and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Galleria mellonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      larvae, and resulted in reduced bacterial fitness in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">G. mellonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      hemolymph. These findings underscore the critical role of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">tonB1<\/jats:italic>\n                      in zinc homeostasis and associated phenotypes in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Zinc is the second most abundant metal element in cells, and it plays an important role in the pathogenicity and antibiotic resistance of pathogenic bacteria.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      is an increasingly prevalent and multidrug-resistant pathogen that relies on TonB proteins for transporting numerous nutrients. Herein, we revealed that TonB1 is essential for zinc homeostasis in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      ; its deletion severely impaired bacterial growth under zinc limitation and was associated with reduced intracellular zinc levels and dysregulation of zinc uptake-related genes\u2014potentially contributing to heightened susceptibility to host defenses (e.g., calprotectin), oxidative stress, and loss of motility and infectivity. This discovery highlights a critical role for TonB1 in maintaining zinc homeostasis, which impacts pathogenicity in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Although TonB homologs have been implicated in zinc uptake elsewhere, our work demonstrates that it is indispensable for virulence in this pathogen, significantly expanding the understanding of TonB's physiological functions beyond iron uptake and highlighting a key adaptation mechanism for essential metal nutrients.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.01977-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T14:43:34Z","timestamp":1767710614000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Deletion of\n                    <i>tonB1<\/i>\n                    in\n                    <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/i>\n                    impairs zinc homeostasis and pathogenicity"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"92","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6369-9763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenwen","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01dyr7034","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Research and Utilization of Resource Plants on the Loess Plateau, College of Life Sciences, Yan\u2019an University","place":["Yan'an, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01dyr7034","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Research and Utilization of Resource Plants on the Loess Plateau, College of Life Sciences, Yan\u2019an University","place":["Yan'an, 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