{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T23:31:43Z","timestamp":1791415903586,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,15]],"date-time":"2008-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1205539200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    During the spring in 2005 and 2006, 39,095 northward-migrating land birds were captured at 12 bird observatories in eastern Canada to investigate the role of migratory birds in northward range expansion of Lyme borreliosis, human granulocytic anaplasmosis, and their tick vector,\n                    <jats:italic>Ixodes scapularis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The prevalence of birds carrying\n                    <jats:italic>I. scapularis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ticks (mostly nymphs) was 0.35% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.30 to 0.42), but a nested study by experienced observers suggested a more realistic infestation prevalence of 2.2% (95% CI = 1.18 to 3.73). The mean infestation intensity was 1.66 per bird. Overall, 15.4% of\n                    <jats:italic>I. scapularis<\/jats:italic>\n                    nymphs (95% CI = 10.7 to 20.9) were PCR positive for\n                    <jats:italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    , but only 8% (95% CI = 3.8 to 15.1) were positive when excluding nymphs collected at Long Point, Ontario, where\n                    <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    is endemic. A wide range of\n                    <jats:italic>ospC<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>rrs<\/jats:italic>\n                    -\n                    <jats:italic>rrl<\/jats:italic>\n                    intergenic spacer alleles of\n                    <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    were identified in infected ticks, including those associated with disseminated Lyme disease and alleles that are rare in the northeastern United States. Overall, 0.4% (95% CI = 0.03 to 0.41) of\n                    <jats:italic>I. scapularis<\/jats:italic>\n                    nymphs were PCR positive for\n                    <jats:italic>Anaplasma phagocytophilum<\/jats:italic>\n                    . We estimate that migratory birds disperse 50 million to 175 million\n                    <jats:italic>I. scapularis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ticks across Canada each spring, implicating migratory birds as possibly significant in\n                    <jats:italic>I. scapularis<\/jats:italic>\n                    range expansion in Canada. However, infrequent larvae and the low infection prevalence in ticks carried by the birds raise questions as to how\n                    <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>A. phagocytophilum<\/jats:italic>\n                    become endemic in any tick populations established by bird-transported ticks.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.01982-07","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,1]],"date-time":"2008-02-01T21:07:33Z","timestamp":1201900053000},"page":"1780-1790","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":312,"title":["Role of Migratory Birds in Introduction and Range Expansion of\n                    <i>Ixodes scapularis<\/i>\n                    Ticks and of\n                    <i>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/i>\n                    and\n                    <i>Anaplasma phagocytophilum<\/i>\n                    in Canada"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"N. H.","family":"Ogden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Foodborne, Waterborne and Zoonotic Infections Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Groupe de Recherche\u0301 en E\u0301pide\u0301miologie des Zoonoses et Sante\u0301 Publique, Faculte\u0301 de Me\u0301decine Ve\u0301te\u0301rinaire, Universite\u0301 de Montre\u0301al, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L. R.","family":"Lindsay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Special Pathogens Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Hanincova\u0301","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I. K.","family":"Barker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canadian Cooperative Wildlife Health Centre, Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Bigras-Poulin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Groupe de Recherche\u0301 en E\u0301pide\u0301miologie des Zoonoses et Sante\u0301 Publique, Faculte\u0301 de Me\u0301decine Ve\u0301te\u0301rinaire, Universite\u0301 de Montre\u0301al, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. 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