{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T04:07:47Z","timestamp":1777694867966,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,15]],"date-time":"2016-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1479168000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,15]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Spores of an acrystalliferous derivative of\n Bacillus thuringiensis<\/jats:named-content>\n subsp.\n kurstaki<\/jats:named-content>\n , termed\n Btcry<\/jats:italic>\n \u2212, are morphologically, aerodynamically, and structurally indistinguishable from\n Bacillus anthracis<\/jats:named-content>\n spores.\n Btcry<\/jats:italic>\n \u2212 spores were dispersed in a large, open-ended barn together with spores of\n Bacillus atrophaeus<\/jats:named-content>\n subsp.\n globigii<\/jats:named-content>\n , a historically used surrogate for\n Bacillus anthracis<\/jats:named-content>\n . Spore suspensions (2 \u00d7 10\n 12<\/jats:sup>\n CFU each of\n B. atrophaeus<\/jats:named-content>\n subsp.\n globigii<\/jats:named-content>\n and\n Btcry<\/jats:italic>\n \u2212) were aerosolized in each of five spray events using a backpack misting device incorporating an air blower; a wind of 4.9 to 7.6 m s\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n was also flowing through the barn in the same direction. Filter air samplers were situated throughout the barn to assess the aerosol density of the spores during each release. Trays filled with a surfactant in aqueous buffer were placed on the floor near the filter samplers to assess spore deposition. Spores were also recovered from arrays of solid surfaces (concrete, aluminum, and plywood) that had been laid on the floor and set up as a wall at the end of the barn.\n B. atrophaeus<\/jats:named-content>\n subsp.\n globigii<\/jats:named-content>\n spores were found to remain airborne for significantly longer periods, and to be deposited on horizontal surfaces at lower densities, than\n Btcry<\/jats:italic>\n \u2212 spores, particularly near the spray source. There was a 6-fold-higher deposition of\n Btcry<\/jats:italic>\n \u2212 spores than of\n B. atrophaeus<\/jats:named-content>\n subsp.\n globigii<\/jats:named-content>\n spores on vertical surfaces relative to the surrounding airborne density. This work is relevant for selecting the best\n B. anthracis<\/jats:named-content>\n surrogate for the prediction of human exposure, hazard assessment, and hazard management following a malicious release of\n B. anthracis<\/jats:named-content>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n \n IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>\n There is concern that pathogenic bacteria could be maliciously disseminated in the air to cause human infection and disruption of normal life. The threat from spore-forming organisms, such as the causative agent of anthrax, is particularly serious. In order to assess the extent of this risk, it is important to have a surrogate organism that can be used to replicate the dispersal characteristics of the threat agent accurately. This work compares the aerosol dispersal and deposition behaviors of the surrogates\n Btcry<\/jats:italic>\n \u2212 and\n B. atrophaeus<\/jats:named-content>\n subsp.\n globigii<\/jats:named-content>\n .\n Btcry<\/jats:italic>\n \u2212 spores remained in the air for a shorter time, and were markedly more likely to adhere to vertical surfaces, than\n B. atrophaeus<\/jats:named-content>\n subsp.\n globigii<\/jats:named-content>\n spores.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.02052-16","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,10]],"date-time":"2016-09-10T01:51:22Z","timestamp":1473472282000},"page":"6682-6690","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Aerosol and Surface Deposition Characteristics of Two Surrogates for Bacillus anthracis Spores"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Alistair H.","family":"Bishop","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CBR Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Helen L.","family":"Stapleton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CBR Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2009.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v3.i1.20"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0017836"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02786826.2015.1102857"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/bsp.2013.0086"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2041-2223-1-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.06582-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-013-1576-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2006.03111.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470696743.ch11"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jip.2009.02.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.12560"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2011(70)90240-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Biopesticides: use and delivery","author":"Menn JJ","year":"1999","unstructured":"Menn JJ, Hall FR. 1999. 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