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These contrasting patterns highlight the need to investigate how specific host-pathogen assemblages respond to local anthropogenic land-use mosaics. To address this need, we studied terrestrial and bat species composition,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection prevalence, and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                      species composition across a mosaic of land-use types in northeastern Madagascar. We found differences in host communities between forested, agricultural, and village land-use types for both bat (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 400) and terrestrial (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 2,053) small mammal communities.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection prevalence was higher in bats (37.7%) than in terrestrial small mammals (13.8%), and bats were infected with\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                      strains that were molecularly distinct from those shed by terrestrial small mammals. Non-native mice and rats were almost exclusively infected with cosmopolitan\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">L. kirschneri<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">L. interrogans,<\/jats:italic>\n                      respectively, while some native terrestrial small mammals sheltered\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">L. mayottensis,<\/jats:italic>\n                      and bats hosted a more diverse set of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                      species.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                      prevalence across land-use types varied in terrestrial small mammals, but not in bats. Altogether, the highest prevalence occurred in mice in flooded rice fields. Our data show that land use predominantly impacts\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                      infecting terrestrial mammals, likely due to habitat disturbance favoring replacement of endemic hosts and pathogens with Muridae rodents and their associated pathogens, many of which are zoonotic.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Leptospirosis, a globally distributed, environmentally transmitted zoonosis, causes 2.9 million disability-adjusted life years annually, primarily among rural farmers in tropical regions. Infected animals\u2019 urine contaminates soils and water with\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                      bacteria, where other individuals are then exposed. Understanding the impact of land use on the transmission of this disease is of considerable importance. In Madagascar, infection dynamics are impacted by the combined effects of converting forests to agricultural fields and colonization of these areas by non-native mammal species, which carry molecularly distinct lineages of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                      . We show that land use corresponds to the replacement of native species and endemic\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                      lineages with non-native species and their cosmopolitan\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">L. interrogans<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">L. kirschneri<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Together, this contributes to higher infection prevalence in more disturbed habitats like flooded rice fields, where &gt;50% of mice captured were infected, highlighting the important effects of land use on\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                      prevalence and presence, which together impact zoonotic risk.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.02061-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T14:00:43Z","timestamp":1769781643000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["<i>Leptospira<\/i>\n                    prevalence and lineages vary across land-use types due to shifts in small mammal communities"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"92","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7144-6793","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jeanne 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