{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T07:56:30Z","timestamp":1771660590277,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]],"date-time":"2024-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708992000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/ASMCopyrightv2"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]],"date-time":"2024-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708992000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001700","name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["21K09858"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21K09858"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title\/>\n            <jats:p>\n              <jats:italic>Streptococcus mutans<\/jats:italic>\n              is a cariogenic bacterium that produces a variety of bacteriocins and retains resistance to these bacteriocins. In this study, we investigated the susceptibility of 127\n              <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n              .\n              <jats:italic>mutans<\/jats:italic>\n              strains to nukacins produced by\n              <jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic>\n              spp., which are commensal bacteria in humans. We detected diverse susceptibilities among strains. Nineteen strains had a disrupted LctF (type I), which is responsible for nukacin susceptibility, whereas the remaining 108 strains had an intact LctF (type II) and displayed resistance to nukacins. However, the type I strains still showed resistance to nukacins to some extent. Interestingly, 18\/19 (94.7%) type I strains carried a\n              <jats:italic>mukA-T<\/jats:italic>\n              locus, which is related to the synthesis of mutacin K8, and\n              <jats:italic>mukFEG<\/jats:italic>\n              , an ABC transporter. In contrast, among type II strains, only 6\/108 strains (5.6%) had both the\n              <jats:italic>mukA-T<\/jats:italic>\n              locus and\n              <jats:italic>mukFEG<\/jats:italic>\n              , 19\/108 strains (17.6%) carried only\n              <jats:italic>mukFEG<\/jats:italic>\n              , and 83\/108 strains (76.9%) harbored neither\n              <jats:italic>mukA-T<\/jats:italic>\n              nor\n              <jats:italic>mukFEG<\/jats:italic>\n              . We also found that MukF had two variants: 305 amino acids (type \u03b1) and 302 amino acids (type \u03b2). All type I strains showed a type \u03b1 (MukF\u03b1), whereas most type II strains with\n              <jats:italic>mukFEG<\/jats:italic>\n              (22\/25 strains) had a type \u03b2 (MukF\u03b2). Then, we constructed a\n              <jats:italic>mukFEG<\/jats:italic>\n              -deletion mutant complemented with MukF\u03b1EG or MukF\u03b2EG and found that only MukF\u03b1EG was involved in nukacin resistance. The nukacin resistance capability of type II-LctFEG was stronger than that of MukF\u03b1EG. In conclusion, we identified a novel nukacin resistance factor, MukFEG, and either LctFEG or MukFEG was active in most strains via genetic polymorphisms depending on\n              <jats:italic>mukA-T<\/jats:italic>\n              genes.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              <jats:italic>Streptococcus mutans<\/jats:italic>\n              is an important pathogenic bacterium not only for dental caries but also for systemic diseases.\n              <jats:italic>S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n              is known to produce a variety of bacteriocins and to retain resistance these bacteriocins. In this study, two ABC transporters, LctFEG and MukFEG, were implicated in nukacin resistance and each ABC transporter has two subtypes, active and inactive. Of the two ABC transporters, only one ABC transporter was always resistant, while the other ABC transporter was inactivated by genetic mutation. Interestingly, this phenomenon was defined by the presence or absence of the mutacin K8 synthesis gene region, one of the bacteriocins of\n              <jats:italic>S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n              . This suggests that the resistance acquisition is tightly controlled in each strain. This study provides important evidence that the insertion of bacteriocin synthesis genes is involved in the induction of genetic polymorphisms and suggests that bacteriocin synthesis genes may play an important role in bacterial evolution.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.02084-23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]],"date-time":"2024-02-27T14:02:58Z","timestamp":1709042578000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Opposing genetic polymorphisms of two ABC transporters contribute to the variation of nukacin resistance in\n            <i>Streptococcus mutans<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","author":[{"given":"Naoki","family":"Sadaoka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Biological Endodontics, 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