{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T17:55:24Z","timestamp":1790272524167,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,15]],"date-time":"2010-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1263513600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium parvum<\/jats:italic>\n            is a cosmopolitan microscopic protozoan parasite that causes severe diarrheal disease (cryptosporidiosis) in mammals, including humans and livestock. There is growing evidence of\n            <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n            persistence in fresh produce that may result in food-borne infection, including sporadic cases as well as outbreaks. However, drinking and recreational waters are still considered the major sources of\n            <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n            infection in humans, which has resulted in prioritization of studies of parasite etiology in aquatic environments, while the mechanisms of transmission and parasite persistence on edible plants remain poorly understood. Using laser scanning confocal microscopy together with fluorescein-labeled monoclonal antibodies,\n            <jats:italic>C. parvum<\/jats:italic>\n            oocysts were found to strongly adhere to spinach plants after contact with contaminated water, to infiltrate through the stomatal openings in spinach leaves, and to persist at the mesophyll level. These findings and the fact that this pathogenic parasite resists washing and disinfection raise concerns regarding food safety.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.02118-09","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,21]],"date-time":"2009-11-21T02:38:34Z","timestamp":1258771114000},"page":"555-559","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["<i>Spinacia oleracea<\/i>\n            L. Leaf Stomata Harboring\n            <i>Cryptosporidium parvum<\/i>\n            Oocysts: a Potential Threat to Food Safety"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"Dumitru","family":"Macarisin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Beltsville Agricultural Research Center (BARC), Environmental Microbial &amp; Food Safety Laboratory, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Bldg. 173, BARC-East, Beltsville, Maryland 20705"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary","family":"Bauchan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA-ARS, Electron &amp; Confocal Microscopy Unit, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Bldg. 465, BARC-East, Beltsville, Maryland 20705"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald","family":"Fayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Beltsville Agricultural Research Center (BARC), Environmental Microbial &amp; Food Safety Laboratory, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Bldg. 173, BARC-East, Beltsville, Maryland 20705"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2007.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-72.2.415"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","first-page":"783","volume":"45","year":"1996","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1996. Foodborne outbreak of diarrheal illness associated with Cryptosporidium parvum\u2014Minnesota, 1995. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep.45:783-784.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","first-page":"565","volume":"47","year":"1998","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1998. Foodborne outbreak of cryptosporidiosis\u2014Spokane, Washington, 1997. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep.47:565-567.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","first-page":"1","volume":"56","year":"2007","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2007. Cryptosporidiosis surveillance\u2014United States, 2003-2005. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep.56:1-10.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. 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A food-borne outbreak of cryptosporidiosis among guests and staff at a hotel restaurant in Stockholm County, Sweden, September 2008. Eurosurveillance13:1-2.","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.7.3848-3857.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.56.5.1423-1428.1990"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","first-page":"131","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kortbeek, L. M. 2009. Clinical presentation in Cryptosporidium-infected patients, p. 131-137. In G. Ortega-Pierres, S. Caccio, R. Fayer, T. G. Mank, and H. V. Smith (ed.), Giardia and Cryptosporidium from molecules to disease. 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