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Since pathogenic bacteria such as\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:named-content>\n            can colonize the human nasopharynx as commensals, they may be affected by exposure to bioactive chemicals in EV. Hence, in this study we examined the effects of EV exposure on the physiology of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. pneumoniae<\/jats:named-content>\n            strain TIGR4. In order to differentiate between the effects of nicotine and nonnicotine components, we specifically compared the RNA-Seq profiles and virulence of TIGR4 exposed to vapor from nicotine-containing and nicotine-free e-liquid formulations. We observed that nicotine-containing EV augmented TIGR4 biofilms and altered expression of TIGR4 genes predominantly involved in metabolism and stress response. However, neither nicotine-containing nor nicotine-free EV affected TIGR4 virulence in a mouse model.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.02125-19","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,27]],"date-time":"2019-11-27T10:08:18Z","timestamp":1574849298000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Electronic Cigarette (E-Cigarette) Vapor Exposure Alters the Streptococcus pneumoniae Transcriptome in a Nicotine-Dependent Manner without Affecting Pneumococcal Virulence"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"Kamal","family":"Bagale","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Santosh","family":"Paudel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, 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