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B. Moore Foundation","award":["3782"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3782"]}]},{"name":"G. B. Moore Foundation","award":["3934"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3934"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nitrogen-fixing (N<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) cyanobacteria provide bioavailable nitrogen to vast ocean regions but are in turn limited by iron (Fe) and\/or phosphorus (P), which may force them to employ alternative nitrogen acquisition strategies. The adaptive responses of nitrogen fixers to global-change drivers under nutrient-limited conditions could profoundly alter the current ocean nitrogen and carbon cycles. Here, we show that the globally important N<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>fixer<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Trichodesmium<\/jats:named-content>fundamentally shifts nitrogen metabolism toward organic-nitrogen scavenging following long-term high-CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>adaptation under iron and\/or phosphorus (co)limitation. Global shifts in transcripts and proteins under high-CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\/Fe-limited and\/or P-limited conditions include decreases in the N<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>-fixing nitrogenase enzyme, coupled with major increases in enzymes that oxidize trimethylamine (TMA). TMA is an abundant, biogeochemically important organic nitrogen compound that supports rapid<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Trichodesmium<\/jats:named-content>growth while inhibiting N<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>fixation. In a future high-CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>ocean, this whole-cell energetic reallocation toward organic nitrogen scavenging and away from N<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>fixation may reduce new-nitrogen inputs by<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Trichodesmium<\/jats:named-content>while simultaneously depleting the scarce fixed-nitrogen supplies of nitrogen-limited open-ocean ecosystems.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold><jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Trichodesmium<\/jats:named-content>is among the most biogeochemically significant microorganisms in the ocean, since it supplies up to 50% of the new nitrogen supporting open-ocean food webs. We used<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Trichodesmium<\/jats:named-content>cultures adapted to high-CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>conditions for 7 years, followed by additional exposure to iron and\/or phosphorus (co)limitation. We show that \u201cfuture ocean\u201d conditions of high CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>and concurrent nutrient limitation(s) fundamentally shift nitrogen metabolism away from nitrogen fixation and instead toward upregulation of organic nitrogen-scavenging pathways. We show that the responses of<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Trichodesmium<\/jats:named-content>to projected future ocean conditions include decreases in the nitrogen-fixing nitrogenase enzymes coupled with major increases in enzymes that oxidize the abundant organic nitrogen source trimethylamine (TMA). Such a shift toward organic nitrogen uptake and away from nitrogen fixation may substantially reduce new-nitrogen inputs by<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Trichodesmium<\/jats:named-content>to the rest of the microbial community in the future high-CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>ocean, with potential global implications for ocean carbon and nitrogen cycling.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.02137-17","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,27]],"date-time":"2017-11-27T16:40:52Z","timestamp":1511800852000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Nutrient-Colimited Trichodesmium as a Nitrogen Source or Sink in a Future Ocean"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"Nathan G.","family":"Walworth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine and Environmental Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 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