{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T22:58:46Z","timestamp":1787785126493,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]],"date-time":"2025-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742342400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]],"date-time":"2025-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742342400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research","award":["R03DE031766"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R03DE031766"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n \n \n Commensal oral streptococci that colonize supragingival biofilms deploy mechanisms to combat competitors within their niche. Here, we determined that\n Streptococcus mitis<\/jats:italic>\n more effectively inhibited biofilm formation of\n Streptococcus mutans<\/jats:italic>\n compared to other oral streptococci. This phenotype was common among all isolates of\n S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n , but was specific to a single strain of\n S. mitis<\/jats:italic>\n , ATCC 49456. We documented ATCC 49456 to accumulate four to five times more hydrogen peroxide (H\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n O\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n ) than other\n Streptococcus<\/jats:italic>\n species tested, and 5\u201318 times more than other\n S. mitis<\/jats:italic>\n strains assayed.\n S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n biofilm formation inhibition was dependent on cell contact\/proximity and reduced when grown in media containing catalase or with a\n S. mitis<\/jats:italic>\n mutant of pyruvate oxidase (\n spxB; pox<\/jats:italic>\n ), confirming that SpxB-dependent H\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n O\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n production was a major antagonistic factor. Addition of\n S. mitis<\/jats:italic>\n within hours after\n S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n inoculation was effective at reducing biofilm biomass, but not for 24 h pre-formed biofilms in an SpxB-dependent manner. Transcriptome analysis revealed responses for both\n S. mitis<\/jats:italic>\n and\n S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n , with several\n S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n differentially expressed genes following a gene expression pattern we have previously described, while others being unique to the interaction with\n S. mitis<\/jats:italic>\n . Finally, we show that\n S. mitis<\/jats:italic>\n also affected coculture biofilm formation of several other commensal streptococci as well as cariogenic\n Streptococcus sobrinus<\/jats:italic>\n . Our study shows that strains with abundant H\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n O\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n production are effective at inhibiting initial growth of caries pathogens like\n S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n , but are less effective at disrupting pre-formed biofilms and have the potential to influence the stability of other oral commensal strains.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n \n Antagonistic properties displayed by oral bacteria have been sought as therapeutic approaches against dental caries pathogens like\n Streptococcus mutans<\/jats:italic>\n . An emergent theme has been the ability of select strains that produce high amounts of hydrogen peroxide to effectively inhibit the growth of\n S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n within\n in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n and\n in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n models. Our study builds on these previous findings by determining that\n Streptococcus mitis<\/jats:italic>\n ATCC 49456 is a high hydrogen peroxide producer, compared to other\n Streptococcus<\/jats:italic>\n species as well as additional strains of\n S. mitis<\/jats:italic>\n . In addition to\n S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n , we show that ATCC 49456 also affects biofilm formation of other oral streptococci, a non-desirable trait that should be weighed heavily for strains under consideration as probiotics. Further phenotypic characterization of strains like\n S. mitis<\/jats:italic>\n ATCC 49456 in mixed-species settings will allow us to hone in on qualities that are optimal for probiotic strains that are intended to prevent the emergence of odontopathogens.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.02192-24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]],"date-time":"2025-02-25T14:12:49Z","timestamp":1740492769000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["A strain of\n Streptococcus mitis<\/i>\n inhibits biofilm formation of caries pathogens via abundant hydrogen peroxide production"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"91","author":[{"given":"Isabella","family":"Williams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biosciences, The Ohio State University College of Dentistry","place":["Columbus, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4887-8006","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jacob S.","family":"Tuckerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biosciences, The Ohio State University College of Dentistry","place":["Columbus, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel I.","family":"Peters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biosciences, The Ohio State University College of Dentistry","place":["Columbus, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madisen","family":"Bangs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biosciences, The Ohio State University College of Dentistry","place":["Columbus, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6843-8304","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Emily","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biosciences, The Ohio State University College of Dentistry","place":["Columbus, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iris J.","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biosciences, The Ohio State University College of Dentistry","place":["Columbus, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6901-5524","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Justin R.","family":"Kaspar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biosciences, The Ohio State University College of Dentistry","place":["Columbus, 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