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In the present study, the effects of CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>(10 to 70%, vol\/vol) on gene expression (measured using quantitative reverse transcription-PCR and a whole-genome DNA microarray) and neurotoxin formation (measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA]) by proteolytic<jats:italic>Clostridium botulinum<\/jats:italic>type A1 strain ATCC 3502 were studied during the growth cycle. Interestingly, in marked contrast to the situation with nonproteolytic<jats:italic>C. botulinum<\/jats:italic>types B and E, CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>had little effect on any of these parameters. At all CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>concentrations, relative expression of neurotoxin cluster genes peaked in the transition between exponential and stationary phases, with evidence of a second rise in expression in late stationary phase. Microarray analysis enabled identification of coding sequences whose expression profiles matched those of the neurotoxin cluster. Further research is needed to determine whether these are connected to neurotoxin formation or are merely growth phase associated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.02247-09","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,29]],"date-time":"2009-12-29T01:55:26Z","timestamp":1262051726000},"page":"1168-1172","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Effects of Carbon Dioxide on Growth of Proteolytic<i>Clostridium botulinum<\/i>, Its Ability To Produce Neurotoxin, and Its Transcriptome"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"Ingrid","family":"Artin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Food Research, Norwich, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Applied Microbiology, Lund Institute of Technology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden"},{"name":"Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David R.","family":"Mason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Food Research, Norwich, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Pin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Food Research, Norwich, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenny","family":"Schelin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Microbiology, Lund Institute of Technology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael W.","family":"Peck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Food Research, Norwich, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabet","family":"Holst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Ra\u030adstro\u0308m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Microbiology, Lund Institute of Technology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew T.","family":"Carter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Food Research, Norwich, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1472-765X.2003.01260.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.femsle.2005.09.037"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00871641"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1432-1327.2000.01701.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02587-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1605(94)90157-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2004.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/anae.2002.0424"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-10-115"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.28561-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-62.10.1157"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00510572"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/fmic.2001.0425"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1605(85)90016-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1605(99)00177-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.177.12.3394-3406.1995"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-54.2.94"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-54.8.588"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02557-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.70.5.2928-2934.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.70.5.2919-2927.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2006.02987.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2007.12.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2004.07.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2911(09)05503-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2006.0076"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","first-page":"74","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ringo, J. 2009. 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